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Biomedical subjects

L G Farkas

Publications and source records attributed to L G Farkas.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Transconjunctival lateral canthopexy in Down's syndrome patients: a nonstigmatizing approach.

In Down's syndrome patients, surgical correction of the palpebral fissure obliquity through an external approach may produce a red, slightly hypertrophic scar. A transconjunctival approach for this repair was used for 15 Down's syndrome patients aged 3 to 17 years (mean 8.7 years), and the results were compared with those in two boys aged 6 and 17 years who underwent correction by the external approach. Palpebral fissure inclinations were recorded using anthropometric measurements preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Inclinations were reduced significantly by either technique; however, often the precise degree of the improvement was clear only from the measurements rather than from photographs. Complications of the transconjunctival approach were few, and there were no problems with wound healing and no ocular injury. Transconjunctival lateral canthopexy is a safe, effective method that avoids a potentially stigmatizing external scar.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Anthropometrics and art in the aesthetics of women's faces.

Attractiveness of the face is not an abstract conception but a quantitatively well-defined anatomic quality. Harmony, disharmony, and disproportion of the face depend on the quality of the relationships between individual measurements of the craniofacial complex. The statistical expression of this relationship is the proportion index. A proportionate face, one with its proportion indices located within the normal range (mean +/- 2 SD), is healthy but not necessarily attractive. In an attractive face the proportion indices are in an optimal relationship, statistically in the range of mean +/- 1 SD. The existence of such a range ensures the great variability possible even among attractive faces. Disproportion, or even mild disharmony in a sensitive area of the face (orbits, nose, lips), reduces the aesthetic quality of the face. Restoration of harmony demands correction of the disproportionate relationships, which is achieved by appropriate changes in the measurements. Norms of measurements and proportion indices found in attractive faces serve as guides in calculating changes. Ethnic differences in North American Caucasian women proved not to be of major concern when planning aesthetic correction.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1987

Anthropometric guidelines in cranio-orbital surgery.

Surface measurements and proportions of the cranio-orbital region provide valuable information to the surgeon both before and after surgery. They supplement the data obtained from x-ray cephalometry. Preoperatively, the proportion indices help to identify the most deformed areas and reveal which measurements contribute to the disproportion. When surgery is being planned, the defective measurements help the surgeon to calculate the changes necessary. After surgery, the quality of proportionality achieved permits assessment of the degree of improvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Geography of the nose: a morphometric study.

The noses of 34 attractive young North American Caucasian women were analyzed quantitatively, based on 19 nasal measurements (6 single and 7 paired linear measurements, 3 angles, and 3 inclinations) and 15 craniofacial measurements (10 linear measurements and 5 inclinations) taken directly from the face of the women. The relationship between the nasal measurements was studied in 16 proportion indices and the relationship between the nasal and the other craniofacial measurements in 13 interareal indices. The findings were also compared with those in 21 women with below-average faces. Two types of facial harmony disruption were identified: disharmony, a normal index with a visually apparent failure of proportionality, and disproportion, an index value outside of the normal range. The percentage of disharmonies and disproportions was significantly higher in the group of 21 women with below-average faces. The study revealed a wide variety of "ideal" noses. Only a small portion of the measurements (12%) and proportion indices (7%) were at the mean value. At least two-thirds of the interareal proportion indices were located in the mean +/- 1 standard deviation portion of the normal range. Only about one-fifth of the interareal indices were disharmonious and 2.8% disproportionate. The disproportions were more areal in the attractive faces and more interareal in the below-average faces. The greatest disproportion in the attractive face was the moderately short columella in relation to the tip protrusion and in the below-average face the long nasal bridge related to the upper-lip height. Disproportions were associated with combinations of normal and abnormal measurements, or with two normal measurements of unequal quality, which resulted in a slightly smaller disfigurement. Analysis of ethnic and racial differences showed the soft nose as the main feature of the most characteristic differences. The study revealed that the key to restoration of facial harmony is the renewal of the uniformity of proportion index qualities by elimination disharmonies and/or disproportionate relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Aesthetic surgery of the supraorbital ridge and forehead structures.

A physical anthropologic basis for aesthetic evaluation of the supraorbital ridges and forehead is described. The structures included for evaluation and possible treatment are the supraorbital ridges, relation of the orbital walls to the eyes, the temporal ridges, and slope of the forehead. All can be altered by reduction contouring or augmentation using methods described. Twenty-one patients are presented having procedures for purely aesthetic reasons. If more than 5 to 6 mm of augmentation or reduction is desired, the deformity is more than aesthetic and should be treated by a craniofacial team. The aesthetic restructuring procedures described are done using tissue localized to the cranium and have proven to be safe and free of complications in the patients treated. Physical anthropology helps to put the aesthetics of these procedures on a firmer basis and to determine which patients may require more than an extracranial aesthetic procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Abnormal measurements and disproportions in the face of Down's syndrome patients: preliminary report of an anthropometric study.

Using 32 measurements taken from the surface of the cranial-orbital-facial-aural area, 9 proportion indices were calculated to detect the most striking locations of disfigurement in 52 Down's syndrome patients (29 males and 23 females), all white North Americans, aged between 3 and 31 years. A shallow upper-third of the face depth (between the nasal root and the ear's tragi) and a short right auricle were the most frequent subnormal findings (each 71.5 percent), with subnormal palpebral fissures in third place (68.8 percent). The most striking supernormality was the inclination of the palpebral fissure, which was greater than the maximum normal in 46.9 percent. The most striking and frequent (46.9 percent) disproportion was caused by the presence of markedly short palpebral fissures in the vicinity of normal-wide spaces between the eyes (enen), followed by hyperteloric orbits (40.4 percent) and disproportionately short noses (28.9 percent). Major (moderate or marked) epicanthi were found in a high percentage (42 percent) of the patients and aggravated the visual impression of the already damaged orbito-nasal area. Preliminary results of the analysis of the proportion indices in various age groups showed that some disproportions in the orbits and face decreased with age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons.

The validity of nine neoclassical formulas of facial proportions was tested in a group of 153 young adult North American Caucasians. Age-related qualities were investigated in six of the nine canons in 100 six-year-old, 105 twelve-year-old, and 103 eighteen-year-old healthy subjects divided equally between the sexes. The two canons found to be valid most often in young adults were both horizontal proportions (interorbital width equals nose width in 40 percent and nose width equals 1/4 face width in 37 percent). The poorest correspondences are found in the vertical profile proportions, showing equality of no more than two parts of the head and face. Sex does not influence the findings significantly, but age-related differences were observed. Twenty-four variations derived from three vertical profile, four horizontal facial, and two nasoaural neoclassical canons were identified in the group of young adults. For each of the new proportions, the mean absolute and relative differences were calculated. The absolute differences were greater between the facial profile sections (vertical canons) and smaller between the horizontally oriented facial proportions. This study shows a large variability in size of facial features in a normal face. While some of the neoclassical canons may fit a few cases, they do not represent the average facial proportions and their interpretation as a prescription for ideal facial proportions must be tested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Inclinations of the facial profile: art versus reality.

The average inclinations of five basic facial profile lines and five individual facial profile segments were determined by direct anthropometry in a total group of 232 healthy young adults, all North American Caucasians. Significant sex-related differences were found only in the inclination of the forehead, the lower face, and the lower third of the face, with greater inclinations in males. These results were compared with data obtained from 49 art works produced by ancient, Renaissance, post-Renaissance, and contemporary artists and drawings of the face in scientific papers published by anthropologists, orthodontists, anatomists, and plastic surgeons. In the population study the average inclination of the general and the aesthetic profile lines, the lower face, the forehead, and the lower lip show a receding trend. The upper face is slightly protruded in the males and close to vertical in the females. The chin and the nose are equally prominent in both sexes. The only significant difference is in the greater recession of the lower face in males. The average female population values are reminiscent of those of the Renaissance. The average male inclinations come closest to the findings in the statues of antiquity. The population sample and the contemporary artists showed similar inclinations of the nasal bridge and the lower lip. Generally, the average inclination of the chin in the population is smaller than in any artistic style.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Craniofacial disproportions in Apert's syndrome: an anthropometric study.

Twenty craniofacial indices composed of 26 surface measurements taken directly from the head and face were determined in 14 Apert's syndrome patients 18 days to 5 years old (younger subgroup) and 14 patients ages 6 years to 15 years old (older subgroup). All of the patients were North American Caucasians who had undergone early suture release but no facial repair. The indices were compared with those in healthy controls of the same age and sex. The wide intercanthal distance in relation to the narrow soft nose was the most frequent (81.5%) and extensive (17.7% above the maximum normal index value) disproportion. Abnormal indices occurred most often with the combination of one abnormal and one normal measurement (61.0%). All seven of the 16 disproportions seen in both age subgroups increased in frequency nonsignificantly with age: the supernormal cephalic, intercanthal, nasal, and vertical mandibulofacial indices and the subnormal nasofacial, upper face, and jaws' arcs indices. Of the six disproportions that decreased in frequency with age, four changed significantly (the supernormal frontoparietal and frontozygomatic indices and the subnormal mandibulofacial and nasozygomatic indices) and two changed nonsignificantly (the supernormal intercanthoalar and subnormal cheilozygomatic indices). With the exception of two nasal proportions, the extent of the disproportionality decreased in all of the indices that increased with age.

Acrocephalosyndactylia↗
PubMed1985

Surface morphology in Treacher Collins syndrome: an anthropometric study.

Between 27 and 65 anthropometric measurements were taken for the head and face of 18 Treacher Collins syndrome patients. The most defective and frequent findings were subnormal facial depth measurements, which increased in disproportionality toward the mandible. Width of the face was more frequently and more severely subnormal than that of the mandible. The orbits were hyperteloric with disproportionately short eye fissures and an antimongoloid inclination. The ears were microtic (more so in width than in length) in 58.8 percent of cases but low-set in only 20 percent. The nose measurements were mostly normal, which explains the "parrot-beak" character of the nose in the presence of a hypoplastic receding chin; the only nose defects were supernormal height and width in the root and subnormal bridge inclination. The most frequently seen striking disproportions were those between the width of the nasal root and the width of the soft nose, followed by the great discrepancy between the markedly narrow face and the usually normal face height.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Anthropometric proportions in the upper lip-lower lip-chin area of the lower face in young white adults.

The relationships between measurements of the lower lip, chin, upper lip, and lower half and lower third of the face were studied. Fifteen new indices were formed with the help of eleven vertical linear, one horizontal linear, and two surface-arc measurements in the area. Neoclassic canons related to the lower face were not confirmed. On the average, the lower lip was 83% to 85% as large as the upper lip. The upper lip occupied one third of the lower face, while the lower lip occupied more than one third of the lower third of the face and the chin occupied the remainder. Skin covered 73.5% of the upper lip in males and 68% in females; it covered 63% of the lower lip in males and 61.1% in females. The remainder was covered by vermilion, more on the lower than on the upper lip and more protruding in females than in males. Proportion standards are a valuable contribution to the surface anatomy of the lower face of young white adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Asymmetries in nostrils and the surrounding tissues of the soft nose--a morphometric study.

Seven measurements and two qualities of the soft nose and nasal bridge were recorded in 156 healthy young adult North American Caucasians. Nostril-type asymmetries and alar base dislocations (31 and 38 of 156, respectively) were associated with other minor nasal disfigurements more often than symmetrical nares or alar base levels. A true alar base dislocation between alae of the same shape was distinguished from pseudodislocation caused by differing alar configurations (two-thirds of cases) or configuration differences along with dislocation (one-third of cases). Columellar deviations, columellar length asymmetry, and alar base dislocations were more frequently to the left, whereas nasal bridge deviations and septal dislocations were more often to the right. On the left side the extent of columellar deviation (5.9 degrees) and degree of alar base dislocation (1.5 mm) were significantly greater than on the right (4.0 degrees, p less than 0.05, and 1.0 mm, p less than 0.01, respectively). Quantitative analysis of the relationship of the minor nasal disfigurements offers valuable data for both surgeons and clinical geneticists.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1983

Healing of a split flexor tendon graft--an experimental study in chickens.

The half-thickness flexor tendon graft proved to be an adequate replacement in experimental tendon defect repair in chickens. The caged birds regained 59% and the free-ranging chickens 75% of normal flexion. The strength of the healing tendons averaged 42% of normal. The donor flexors regained an average of 90% and the grafted portion of the recipient flexors 85% of their original diameter. Birds allowed the freedom of their natural habitat healed better, as shown by greater restoration of tendon diameter, strength, and return of active flexion. In an emergency, in the event of multiple tendon injuries of the hand when other tendon replacement is not possible, the split tendon graft may be usable.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Objective assessment of standard nostril types--a morphometric study.

Nostril type was assigned according to the inclination of the medial longitudinal axis of the nostrils, generally following the Topinard system in a group of randomly selected, healthy young North Americans. The group was composed of 156 Caucasians, 55 Asians, and 32 blacks. The 33 noses with asymmetrical nares were excluded from the remainder of the study. Five other measurements of the soft nose were taken (protrusion of the nasal tip, width of the nose, width of the columella, and length of the right and left columellar rims). Three indices showing the relationships of these measurements were also calculated. The most common nares were Type II in Caucasians (52.8%), Type III in Asians (52.8%), and Type VI in blacks (50.0%). Specific columellar and alar base configurations were associated with many nostril types. These data about nostril types and the soft nose provide important guidelines for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

A comprehensive scoring system for evaluating Noonan syndrome.

A multidisciplinary team assessed 23 patients with various manifestations of the Noonan syndrome, including pulmonary valve stenosis (with leaflet dysplasia), "typical" facial appearance (including hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, flat nasal bridge, and apparently low-set ears), short stature, and mental retardation. Seven patients had a family history of the syndrome. A comprehensive scoring system was devised on the basis of frequency and severity of manifestations and results of invasive and noninvasive tests in these patients and those reported in the literature. The scoring system was condensed into a score card for clinical use and validated by "blind" application to patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis or suspected Noonan syndrome. Use of a scoring system to diagnose a syndrome for which there is no specific diagnostic test facilitates accuracy and decreases observer bias. In the case of unusual congenital disorders it is particularly valuable for a pediatrician in general practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Facial asymmetry in healthy North American Caucasians. An anthropometrical study.

This is a study of normal children, evaluating the degree of subtle asymmetry that can be expected in all of us. Asymmetry was found to be very common, but average differences between right and left measurements were mild (3 mm or 3%), with the right side usually the largest. The most common and largest asymmetries were found in the upper third of the face.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Peritendinous healing after early movement of repaired flexor tendon: anatomical study.

In 64 chickens the deep flexor tendon of the third toe was divided and resutured, preserving the sheath and flexor sublimis tendon. The leg was placed in a cast for 35 days postoperatively; in some birds minimal flexion of the toes was induced by electrical stimulation of the deep flexor muscle in the last 17 days of cast immobilization. At day 35 the cast was removed, and the return of flexion carried out in the third toe was measured up to day 60. Assessment of the tendon repair site was at 18, 35, and 60 days. Restored peritendinous connections in specific areas were similar to those in controls. Early movement resulted in fewer adhesions, a significantly higher incidence of free intertendinous spaces (standard error of difference = 6.3, difference = 14.5%), and significant lengthening of bridges between the flexor profundus and phalanx (p = 0.01). The effect of early movement gradually decreased from the dorsal to the ventral structures.

Animals↗