Dramatic play: a format for 'literate' language?
BACKGROUND: Research literature discussing the possibility of a relationship between dramatic play and literacy development in school beginners has evoked interest in the context of the formalisation of early years curriculum, particularly relationships between oral syntactic competence in preschool children and later reading ability. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differences in syntax between sociodramatic play and other play activities in small play groups. It was predicted that the language in sociodramatic play would be more 'literate', i.e., more decontextualised, explicit and linguistically elaborated. The hypothesis tested was that sociodramatic play elicits more advanced syntactic language in children. SAMPLES: Six children (six-year-olds) in groups of three girls and three boys were observed in 11 free play episodes (five sociodramatic play episodes and six other group play episodes). Approximately 100 utterances from each child in each play category were analysed. The children had normal intelligence and language ability, and had a middle class background. METHODS: The play groups were observed during indoor free play in a playroom equipped for family play and with different toys. No instructions were given. The observations were video- and audiotaped and the children's utterances transcribed and analysed syntactically, i.e., utterance types (complexity and completeness), sentence adverbials and expansions. Chi-square was used to test for statistically significant differences in children's use of syntax. RESULTS: The children's language turned out to be significantly more advanced and 'literate' with more syntactically complete and complicated utterances, use of explicit references and elaborated nominal groups in sociodramatic play than in any other play activity. CONCLUSIONS: The demands of conveying meaning to peers in dramatic play contexts seem to provide children with opportunities to practise 'literate' language, language that is similar to what is demanded when writing for an absent audience.