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Biomedical subjects

M A Sheikh

Publications and source records attributed to M A Sheikh.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Serum prostate-specific antigen levels in Middle Eastern men with subclinical prostatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of subclinical or histologically diagnosed prostatitis on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in patients investigated for prostatic disease in Kuwait. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum PSA was assayed in patients investigated for prostatic disease in Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Kuwait, between December 2002 and December 2004. These included patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound with needle biopsy of the prostate gland and those who were treated with transurethral resection of the prostate or retropubic prostatectomy. The tissue was evaluated for prostatitis as well as the underlying disease, and the type and severity of prostatitis were compared with levels of serum PSA. RESULTS: Of the 331 tissue specimens, 18 (5.4%) did not show prostatitis, while 233 (70.4%) with benign prostate and 80 (24.2%) with malignant prostate disease showed prostatitis. Of 270 men with known serum PSA levels, 198 and 72 had benign and malignant prostate disease, respectively. Of the 198, 77 (41%) with benign prostate disease and prostatitis and of the 72, 52 (76%) with malignant prostate disease and prostatitis had serum PSA levels >10 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: The data showed that although raised serum PSA is more commonly associated with prostate cancer, subclinical prostatitis is a significant source of high serum PSA in over 40% of men in Kuwait. That local factors may obscure the usefulness of serum PSA as a screening tool suggests the need for a locally applicable paradigm to identify prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Endovascular stenting of nonmalignant superior vena cava syndrome.

Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is associated with advanced malignancy of the chest. Extensive experience is published in the literature regarding the use of endovascular intervention for symptomatic relief in these individuals with limited survival. Symptomatic SVC obstruction may occur from benign conditions that may not alter life expectancy. There are few data regarding endovascular therapy in this setting. We retrospectively analyzed our experience using endovascular intervention for benign SVC obstruction in 19 patients. In our series, the mean age was 46.4 years; 58% were female and 14/19 cases were due to an intravascular device. All patients experienced symptomatic relief. Median follow-up was 28.8 months. Three patients required secondary procedures to maintain patency. Four patients had procedural complications, which did not affect the outcomes. One patient died from complications of anticoagulation at 24 months. Endovascular procedures aimed at relieving SVC stenosis seem to be effective in patients with benign disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Intraprostatic tissue infection in catheterised patients in comparison to controls.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of indwelling urinary catheter on frequency of intraprostatic tissue infection and posto-perative morbidity in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). METHODS: Frequency of intraprostatic tissue and urinary infection, prevalent organisms, histopathology of prostatic tissue, post-operative morbidity were analyzed for 25 consecutive patients' of clinically diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent TURP in catheterized and non-catheterized groups. RESULTS: Patients mean age was 62.2+7.9 years. In non-catheterized group nocturia and frequency were the most common symptoms. Ninety two percent and 28% patients acquired intraprostatic tissue infection in catheterized and non-catheterized group respectively, while 80% of catheterized patients and 24% of the non-catheterized patients had bacteriuria. Catheterized patients had E. coli as prevalent organism both in intaprostatic tissue and urine (34.8% and 40% respectively). E. coli Serratia and enterobacter were equally prevalent in intraprostatic tissue of non-catheterized patients. Enterobacter was the prevalent organism in urine (50%) of these patients. There was no significant difference in the presence of non-specific inflammatory cells in the two groups. Catheterized group showed significantly high frequency of fever >38.5 degrees C and hematuria for more than 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Catheterization significantly increases the frequency of intraprostatic tissue infection as well as morbidity of TURP.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Suprapubic cystostomy: urinary tract infection and other short term complications.

AIMS: To evaluate the frequency of urinary tract infection in patients with suprapubic cystostomy and other complications of the procedure within 30 days of placement. METHODS: Patients characteristics, indication and types of cystostomy and short term (within 30 days); complications were analyzed in 91 patients. Urine analysis and culture was done in all patients to exclude those with urinary tract infection. After 15 and 30 days of the procedure, urine analysis and culture was repeated to evaluate the frequency of urinary tract infection. The prevalence of symptomatic bacteriuria with its organisms was assessed. Antibiotics were given to the postoperative and symptomatic patients and the relationship of antibiotics on the prevention of urinary tract infection was determined. RESULTS: Of the 91 cases 88 were males and 3 females. The mean age was 40.52 +/- 18.95 with a range of 15 to 82 years. Obstructive uropathy of lower urinary tract.was present in 81% cases and 17 (18.6%) had history of trauma to urethra. All these cases had per-urethral bleeding on examination while x-ray urethrogram showed grade II or grade III injury of urethra. Eighty two of the procedures were performed per-cutaneously and 7 were converted to open cystostomies due to failure of per-cutaneous approach. Nine patients had exploratory laparotomy. Duration of catheterization was the leading risk factor for urinary tract infection found in 24.1% at 15 days and 97.8% at 30 days. There was low prevalence of symptomatic urinary tract infection. E.Coli was the prevalent organism. Antibiotics did not play a significant role in controlling catheter associated urinary tract infection. Blockage and macroscopic hematuria (self limiting) were the predominant complications encountered. CONCLUSION: Duration of catheterization is the leading risk factor for the development of urinary tract infections. Catheter-associated bacteriuria are usually asymptomatic. Macroscopic hematuria and blockage of catheter are frequent which can be managed promptly without surgical intervention.

Cystostomy↗
PubMed2001

Hypercoagulable syndromes: evaluation and management strategies for acute limb ischemia.

Acute limb ischemia secondary to peripheral arterial thrombosis is a relatively uncommon but ominous form of vascular accident. Select inherited and acquired hypercoagulable states appear to contribute to an initial arterial thrombosis and, more importantly, recurrent thrombotic events. Mounting interest in hypercoagulability, the increased availability of hypercoagulable state "profiles," and enhanced ability to identify an abnormality in tested patients have promoted widespread testing. Unfortunately, widespread testing has had a limited beneficial impact on the management of acute limb ischemia. Ideally, costly and specialized testing should be limited to situations in which the results will have a tangible impact on patient care. Clear goals of testing should be determined before testing is performed. This article addresses a practical approach to hypercoagulable state testing in patients with acute limb ischemia with a focus on abnormalities that impact patient management.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies.

Avian pneumovirus (APV) infection of turkeys in Minnesota was first confirmed in March 1997. Serum samples (n = 5,194) from 539 submissions to Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory were tested by a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Of these, 2,528 (48.7%) samples from 269 submissions were positive and 2,666 (51.3%) samples from 270 submissions were negative for APV antibodies. Most positive samples were from Kandiyohi, Stearns, Morrison, and Meeker counties in Minnesota. In addition, 10 samples from South Dakota were positive. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test with anti-chicken and anti-turkey conjugates were compared by testing field and experimental sera. The ELISA test with anti-turkey conjugate was more sensitive than that with anti-chicken conjugate. The ELISA tests with antigens prepared with APV strains isolated from Colorado and Minnesota were also compared. No difference was detectable. Currently, the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory uses an antigen prepared from the Colorado isolate of APV and a goat anti-turkey conjugate in the ELISA test.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Orelox (cefodoxime) in typhoid fever.

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of Orelox (Cefodoxime) in Typhoid fever in children. SETTINGS: Open, non-comparative, multicentre study carried out in GP settings in various cities of Pakistan. PATIENTS: Children aged 1-15 years were included in the study. Positive Widal test was the only diagnostic inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Four centers participated in the study. Of the total 77 patients (51 males and 26 females), 61 (79%) cured, 5 (7%) improved (less severe signs and symptoms) and 11 (14%) failures. CONCLUSION: Treatment of typhoid fever in this study showed 86% efficacy in producing clinical responses suggesting that this drug can be effectively and safely used in the treatment of typhoid fever in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Congenital H-type anourethral fistula with severe urethral hypoplasia: case report and review of the literature.

Congenital H-type anourethral fistula with severe urethral hypoplasia and normal anus is an extremely rare variant of anorectal malformations among boys. The authors report a case of a 5-year-old boy who underwent successful management of severe urethral hypoplasia with progressive augmentation by dilating urethra anterior gently and achieving a functionally normal urethra with minimal morbidity. H-type anourethral fistula was excised subsequently through anterior perianal approach.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Gene silencing and homology-dependent gene silencing in Arabidopsis: genetic modifiers and DNA methylation.

Transgenes inserted into the plant genome can become inactive (gene silencing) or result in silencing of homologous cellular genes [homology-dependent gene silencing (HDG silencing)]. In an earlier study we reported HDG silencing of chalcone synthase (CHS) in Arabidopsis. This study concerns genetic revertants of one of the CHS HDG-silencing transgenic homozygotes. Two monogenic recessive trans-acting mutations (hog1 and ddm1) that impair gene silencing and HDG silencing were identified. These mutations reduce genomic DNA methylation and affect the quantity and size of CHS mRNA. These results imply that DNA methylation is necessary for both gene silencing and HDG silencing. Two further monogenic, trans-acting, recessive mutations (sil1 and sil2) reduce gene silencing but not HDG silencing. The existence of this mutant class shows that gene silencing involves genes that are not necessary for HDG silencing. A further mutant (Catt) was isolated and has an attenuated HDG-silencing T-DNA.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1997

Genetics of homology-dependent gene silencing in Arabidopsis; a role for methylation.

Ninety-eight independent transformed (T1) Arabidopsis plants were generated, containing additional copies of the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene. Three T2 generation families (A, B and C) were found that showed reduced anthocyanin biosynthesis, consistent with homology-dependent gene silencing of CHS. Clonal sectors of tissue showing CHS silencing were seen in the early generations. Affected individuals in family A showed only slight silencing, in family C such plants were almost completely silenced, and in family B affected individuals were intermediate. Plants homozygous for a single silencing insert were isolated from each family. Plants homozygous or hemizygous for insert A showed variable penetrance and expressivity of silencing. Self-fertilization of plants hemizygous for the B and C-inserts suggested that these CHS-silencing inserts each behave as single Mendelian dominant traits. The CHS mRNA of the C-insert homozygotes was reduced to undetectable levels. Outcrosses of B- and C-insert homozygotes to wild-type plants resulted in F1 plants that were variegated. This variegation appears to be due to expression of the CHS allele from the wild-type parent, since use of a CHS mutant, tt4, as untransformed parent resulted in uniform green F1 plants. Southern blots revealed a correlation between DNA methylation and CHS silencing. In addition, derivative plants were generated from C-insert homozygotes that had lost the silencing inserts, and these showed a partial reversion towards wild-type phenotype and methylation of the cellular CHS gene at the TT4 locus. This result suggests that the TT4 copy of CHS became methylated during the C-insert-induced silencing and retained methylation and partial silencing after the silencing T-DNA was lost.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1997

Epidemiologic survey of lower urinary tract symptoms in Asia and Australia using the international prostate symptom score.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms was determined by survey as an initial step in estimating the significance of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Asia and Australia. METHODS: The symptom index (0 to 35) and quality-of-life (QOL) index (0 to 6) of the international prostate symptom score were measured in 7588 men in 9 Asian countries and 146 men in Australia. RESULTS: The percentages of Asian men considered to be symptomatic (symptom index > or = 8) were 18%, 29%, 40%, and 56% in the age groups of 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 years, respectively. For Australian men, these figures were 36%, 33%, and 37% in the 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 year age groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimates indicate that the prevalences of symptomatic men in Asia and Australia are similar to or greater than those in Europe and America, and suggest BPH is similarly common in these areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Observations on haemorrhagic septicaemia in Pakistan livestock.

Information based on field observations of Veterinary Officers in nine districts of Punjab, Pakistan showed 11% incidence, 9% mortality and 78% case fatality rates of haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffalo, whereas these values were 4%, 2.5% and 62% in cattle. Disease incidence was higher in 0-24-month-old animals and groups of less than 10 animals. The disease was seasonal, occurring only in rainy seasons of the year, and victims were only cattle and buffalo. The clinical course of the disease was generally 1-2 days. symptoms included high temperature, salivation, swelling of the throat and difficulty in breathing and could result in death. Successful treatment was reported if antibiotics were given at the initial stages of the disease. Various combinations of sulphur drugs and antibiotics were considered more effective. The results of the questionnaire survey suggest that a favourable response was obtained using clamoxyl LA, farmox 15%, vesulong, gentakel and chloramphenicol. Previous vaccination of livestock with the alum-precipitated formalinized broth culture of Pasteurella multocida vaccine (bacterin) was not considered to protect against field outbreaks.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of storage on the prevalent alum-precipitated hemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine in Pakistan and preparation of a more efficient oil adjuvant vaccine using dense culture of Pasteurella multocida Roberts type 1 on an improved culture medium.

Significantly drastic effects of storage on the potency of the alum-precipitated haemorrhagic septicaemia (APHS) vaccine are reported. The APHS vaccine, studied through challenge infection of vaccinated rabbits (post-60 days of vaccination), showed 100% potency when stored at 4 degrees C for 30 days. The potency dropped to 20% when storage period was extended to 60 or more days. At 30 degrees C, the potency reduced by 40, 40 and 60%, respectively, after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage, while, at 37 degrees C, the decrease was 60, 60 and 100% after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage, respectively. In view of this, the oil-adjuvant (OA) HS vaccine was developed by culturing Pasteurella multocida on a medium comprising yeast extract, sucrose, trypticase and sodium bicarbonate, under continuous aeration at 37 degrees C. This gave a far better bacterial count (maximum count 15 x 10(8)/ml) than the conventional APHS vaccine (maximum count 6 x 10(8)/ml). The OAHS vaccine-carrying water-in-oil emulsion remained stable at room temperature for 1 year. The log protection values of the two batches of the OAHS vaccine, studied in mice, were 5.2 and 5.3, as against 1.9 of the APHS vaccine.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1994

Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in rabbits pretreated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an interaction study.

Interaction between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other drugs occurs relatively frequently because of the wide use of NSAIDs. Such interactions with drugs of narrow therapeutic index used in serious disease states may lead to toxicity. Gentamicin toxicity is based on its concentration in serum, and any alteration in pharmacokinetic parameters may lead to gentamicin accumulation in the body and subsequently to severe nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. To test this hypothesis, the effect of pretreatment with NSAIDs on gentamicin pharmacokinetics was examined in rabbit. Gentamicin sulfate (5 mg/kg) was administered to rabbits pretreated with aspirin (300 mg/kg), ketorolac tromethamine (3 mg/kg), ibuprofen (20 mg/kg), and piroxicam (2 mg/kg) twice a day for 1 week. The pretreatment with NSAIDs had significant effects on the body clearance and maximum concentration. Aspirin, piroxicam and ketorolac tromethamine pretreatment had significant effects on the area under the curve of gentamicin versus time. Aspirin and ketorolac tromethamine pretreatment had significant effects on the half-life of gentamicin. Aspirin had a significant effect on the volume of distribution of gentamicin. These results suggest that pretreatment with NSAIDs alters the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and leads to accumulation inside the body, which could result in toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Measurement of non-enzymic glycosylation with a radiochemical assay.

1. A radiochemical assay has been developed to measure non-enzymic glycosylation (glycation), which is free from interference from enzymic glycosylation and which can be used in batch analysis. 2. Glycated residues were isolated by affinity chromatography on mini-columns, after reduction with Na[3H]BH4 and hydrolysis. 3. The specific activity of the labelled borohydride was measured by a novel procedure. 4. The method was used to measure glycation of albumin, immunoglobulin G and fibrinogen isolated from diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.

Borohydrides↗
PubMed1993

Study of potassium citrate treatment of crystalluric nephrolithiasis.

Patients with crystalluric nephrolithiasis were treated orally with aqueous potassium citrate solution three times a day with a large quantity of water. After administration of potassium citrate, citric acid (P < 0.001) and potassium (P < 0.001) excretion was significantly increased. Increase in protein (P < 0.05) and uric acid (P < 0.05) excretion in urine revealed their association with the crystallization process. Crystals were absent in 12 (71%) out of 17 patients. Calcium excretion in urine was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). A decrease of calcium ions availability to oxalate ions to form calcium oxalate crystals may result in the prevention of calcium oxalate stone formation.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Host cell membrane proteins on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 after in vitro infection of H9 cells and blood mononuclear cells. An immuno-electron microscopic study.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected H9 and blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) were studied by immunogold electron microscopy for the presence of HIV-1 gag p24 protein, env gp41 and gp120 proteins, and host cell molecules CD4, CD11a, CD25, CD54, CD63, HLA class I and HLA-DR. Uninfected H9 cells and MNC membranes labelled for CD4, HLA class I and class II, and, at low density, CD11a and CD54; lysosomal structures in the cytoplasm labelled for CD63. The infected cell surface showed immunolabelling for HIV-1 proteins, as did budding particle-like structures. Immunogold labelling of the cell membrane for CD4 was almost non-existent. The level of immunolabelling for CD11a and CD54 on infected cells was greater than that on uninfected cells; this is presumably related to a state of activation during virus synthesis. Budding particle-like structures and free virions in the intercellular space were immunogold-labelled for all host cell markers investigated. This was confirmed by double immunogold labelling using combinations of HIV-1 gag p24 labelling and labelling for the respective host cell molecule. We conclude that virions generated in HIV-1-infected cells concentrate host-derived molecules on their envelope. Also molecules with a prime function in cellular adhesion concentrate on the virion.

Antigens, CD↗