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Biomedical subjects

M Atef

Publications and source records attributed to M Atef.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Metabolic behaviour and tissue distribution of nalidixic acid in chickens.

The metabolic behaviour and tissue distribution of nalidixic acid in normal and E. coli infected chickens were carried out using spectrofluorimetric and microbiological techniques following a single and multiple oral administration of 25 mg/kg b. wt. The obtained results revealed that free nalidixic acid (free NA) is the major fraction of the total drug concentration in serum, liver and kidneys. The free active nalidixic acid was in a higher concentration than hydroxynalidixic acid (free HNA) and both conjugates of NA and HNA following single and multiple oral administration. The obtained results showed that nalidixic acid was highly distributed in all tissues in normal and E. coli infected chickens, with the highest concentrations in kidneys, liver and heart and lowest concentrations in brain, muscles and intestine following oral administration of 25 mg/kg b. wt. twice daily for 5 successive days. Spectrofluorimetic technique was more sensitive for nalidixic acid determination than microbiological method. Nalidixic acid revealed longer withdrawal time in diseased chickens than in normal chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetic profile of cefotaxime in goats.

Cefotaxime was once administered in goats via intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes for determination of blood and urine concentration, kinetic behaviour and bioavailability. Following a single intravenous injection, the blood concentration-time curve indicated two compartments open model, with an elimination half-life value (t1/2 beta) of 22.38 +/- 0.41 minutes. Both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes showed lower values i.e. 38.64 and 69.58 minutes. The lower apparent volume of distribution of cefotaxime in goats than one liter/kg elucidated lower distribution in tissues than in blood. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 77.8 +/- 1.7 and 44.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml at 29.6 and 40.4 minutes, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular and subcutaneous injection was 1.08 and 1.25, respectively. The cefotaxime concentration remained in urine 24 hours longer after subcutaneous injection than after intramuscular administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Ruminal excretion of sulfadimethoxine and sulfadimethyloxazole in goats and their influence on some enzyme activities and renal clearances.

Five clinically health goats were injected with sulfadimethoxine and sulfadimethyloxazole in a single dose of 100 mg/kg b. wt. by intravenous route. Highest concentration levels of sulfadimethoxine and sulfadimethyloxazole in rumen were detected 1 hour following intravenous injection, then the concentration for both compounds declined at 12 and 8 hours post administration, respectively. In addition, both types of sulfonamide completely disappeared in ruminal fluid samples taken after 24 and 12 hours, respectively. The rate of acetylation for sulfadimethoxine and sulfadimethyloxazole were nearly similar and occurred to a high extent in ruminal fluid (22.95 and 23.72%, respectively). On the other hand, both tested drugs increased significantly the ruminal gas production from the first to eight hours after i.v. injection in goats. Changes in the serum enzyme activities (SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase) observed with sulfadimethoxine and sulfadimethyloxazole, and represented by a significant decrease in the activity of SGOT and SGPT level, alkaline phosphatase 4 hours sulfadimethoxine and in GOT/GPT ratio 24 and 48 hours after i.v. injection, respectively. The creatinine clearance was significantly decreased after 4 hours following the i.v. administration of sulfadimethoxine and sulfadimethyloxazole in goats.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetic profile of cefotaxime in goats.

Cefotaxime was administered to goats intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously to determine blood and urine concentration, kinetic behaviour and bioavailability. Following a single intravenous injection, the blood concentration-time curve indicated a two compartment open model, with an elimination half-life value (t1/2 beta) of 22.38 +/- 0.41 minutes. Both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes showed slower values, that is, 38.64 and 69.58 minutes. The apparent volume of distribution of cefotaxime in goats was less than 1 litre kg-1 and suggested a lower distribution in tissues than in blood. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 77.8 +/- 1.7 and 44.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms ml-1 at 29.6 and 40.4 minutes, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular and subcutaneous injection was 1.08 and 1.25 times the intravenous availability, respectively. The cefotaxime concentration remained in urine 24 hours longer after subcutaneous injection than after intramuscular administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Fetotoxicity of some anticoccidial drugs in chickens.

Fetotoxic effects induced by three anticoccidial drugs: robenidine, salinomycin and arprinocid were elucidated in the chicken. Different doses of these drugs were inoculated in groups of embryonated chicken eggs by the yolk sac route. After inoculation, candling of the eggs was performed daily and embryonic or fetal mortalities were recorded. At 19 days old, alive fetuses were collected, weighed, measured and examined morphologically for abnormalities. A group of eggs was kept non-inoculated as a control and another was inoculated with the solvent of the tested drugs. Inoculation of 0.09-9.75 mg robenidine/egg, 0.06-6.75 mg salinomycin/egg or 0.08-8.25 mg arprinocid/egg into the yolk sac of 7 days old embryos caused a dose-dependent fetal death. Arprinocid was the most lethal to chicken fetuses, followed by salinomycin while robenidine was the least. Dead fetuses were usually haemorrhagic, dwarfish and friable. Surviving fetuses showed a dose-dependent reduction in body weight and length, insignificant decrease in leg and wing lengths as well as some developmental abnormalities.

Adenine↗
PubMed1986

Influence of monensin on fertility in rats.

Monensin was given orally to female rats at two dose levels (1.75 and 3.50 mg/kg body weight) over the period of 9-17 days of pregnancy where organogenesis of fetuses occur. The dams were killed on the nineteenth day of gestation and their fetuses were subjected to morphological, visceral and skeletal examination. The small dose of monensin increased the number of resorbed and dead fetuses and induced marked retardation in growth of viable fetuses, but visceral or skeletal defects in these fetuses were not seen. Large doses produced fetal resorption in all dams and no viable fetuses were delivered. Prolonged oral administration of monensin in male rats for 60 successive days at two dose levels, decreased the conception rate in non-treated females (mated with treated males) to 33.3% and 0% for the small and large doses, respectively. Both doses markedly decreased the weights of testicles, epididymides and seminal vesicles. The small dose of monensin caused oligospermia, whereas the large dose induced azospermia. Both doses decreased the activity of spermatogenic epithelium and caused degeneration in germ cells after histopathological examination of the testicles. It is concluded that monensin given during pregnancy to female rats is fetotoxic and when administered chronically to male rats, causes damage to the reproductive organs. The delayed effects of this drug are especially prominent.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1983

Pharmacokinetic interpretation of some antibiotics in camels.

Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic properties of 4 antibiotics: penicillin-G (P), streptomycin (S), chloramphenicol (C) and oxytetracycline (O) was performed in groups of camels following a single i.m. injection of therapeutic doses, i.e. 6000 IU, 10, 4 and 3 mg/kg b.wt., respectively. The concentrations of these antibiotics in serum were determined by microbiological assay methods. The highest serum concentrations were reached after 0.42, 1.44, 4.02 and 0.94 hr for P, S, C, and O respectively with corresponding t 1/2 alpha values of 0.12, 0.28, 1.48 and 0.17 hr and t 1/2 beta values of 1.09, 8.28, 6.20 and 7.00 hr.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Some pharmacokinetic and biochemical aspects of sulphadiazine and sulphadimidine in ewes.

Eight experiments were carried out on eight clinically healthy non-pregnant ewes. Each animal was injected intravenously with either sulphadiazine or sulphadimidine at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the disposition of these drugs. The elimination half-lives were 7.15 +/- 0.58 h and 9.51 +/- 0.59 h and the distribution half-lives were 0.56 +/- 0.07 h and 0.42 +/- 0.05 h for sulphadiazine and sulphadimidine, respectively. The apparent specific volumes of distribution were less than 1 litre/kg (0.410 and 0.501 litres/kg for sulphadiazine and sulphadimidine, respectively) which indicates a relatively lower distribution of these drugs to tissues than in plasma in sheep. The degree of plasma protein binding was similar for both drugs (19.15 +/- 0.55% and 23.12 +/- 0.32%) for sulphadiazine and sulphadimidine, respectively). Serum concentrations of ketone bodies, total lipids and calcium were significantly reduced, and blood glucose concentration significantly increased following administration of both of these sulphonamides, whilst serum total protein concentration was unaltered. The serum cholesterol concentration was significantly reduced following sulphadiazine administration, but not after sulphadimidine.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Disposition kinetics of furosemide in dogs.

In 12 experiments on 6 mongrel dogs, furosemide was given both orally and i.v. in a dose of 20mg/kg. Following i.v. injection, the blood concentration curve followed an open one-compartment model. The elimination half-lives after both oral and i.v. routes were nearly similar, i.e. 1.42 +10.13 and 1.13 +0.06 hours respectively. The apparent volume of distribution corresponded well to the total body water (about 60%), i.e. 69.64 +5.61 and 52.06+4.82% b.wt. after oral and i.v. routes respectively. The body clearance of this drug after i.v. and oral administration showed close values, i.e. 5.27 +0.19 and 5.96 +0.14 mg/kg(-1) min(-1) respectively. The systemic bioavailablity of furosemide after oral administration amounted to 77.13 +5.24% with a maximum blood conc. (Cmax.) of 22.73 +2.03 microgram/ml, 30 min after administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Testosterone-antibiotic effectiveness on staphylococcus aureus infected rats.

(1) Male castrated rats (testosterone-free) inoculated intraperitoneally with Staph. aureus showed severe damage in their internal organs as determined by pathological examination of the killed animals. (2) Penicillin-G, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol treatment 24 h after injection markedly decreased the extent of damage. (3) Pretreatment of castrated rats with testosterone propionate for 3 successive days before infection had a protective influence on the internal organs. (4) Testosterone-injected rats when treated with different antibiotics, showed a clear synergistic action with penicillin-G and oxytetracycline but not chloramphenicol.

Animals↗