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Biomedical subjects

M Baier

Publications and source records attributed to M Baier.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

An analysis of the concept of homesickness.

This report analyzes the concept of homesickness, using the pattern for concept analysis presented by Chinn and Jacobs. Concept analysis is a process used to better understand a concept that has been first identified through clinical practice. This concept analysis clarifies and defines the concept of homesickness, and distinguishes homesickness from other concepts, including separation anxiety, school phobia, translocation syndrome, and relocation effects. By carefully defining what homesickness is and what it is not, criteria have emerged so that other instances of similar characteristics can be appropriately labeled. In addition, arising from the literature review and criteria are research questions and nursing interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

CEDIA--homogeneous immunoassays for the 1990s and beyond.

New homogeneous enzyme immunoassays have been developed for cortisol, digoxin, digitoxin, theophylline, phenytoin, and phenobarbital using the cloned enzyme donor immunoassay technology. As applied to Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi analysis systems these methods provide rapid, accurate and precise quantification of analytes, with minimal interferences from endogenous serum constituents and low cross-reactivities to structurally-related hormonal precursors, drug metabolites and natural compounds. Additional significant features of the new assays are linear standard curves and two-point calibration. The six CEDIA assays join the two currently available CEDIA assays for determination of the thyroid parameters T4 and T Uptake. Additional new therapeutic drug and anemia monitoring assays are under development, demonstrating the versatility of the cloned enzyme donor immunoassay technology. These tests, in concert with Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi analyzers, provide a high throughput, random access immunoassay system. The menu of available assays should continue to increase during the 1990s, providing efficient automation while allowing consolidation of testing on a limited number of instrument systems.

Digitoxin↗
PubMed1991

Development of vivo of genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus.

Rapid development of genetic variability may contribute to the pathogenicity of lentiviruses as it may allow escape from immune surveillance and/or from suppression of virus replication. Although apathogenic in African green monkeys, simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from African green monkeys is shown to display extensive genetic variability and defectiveness in the V1- and V2-like variable domains of the external envelope protein comparable to that known for human immunodeficiency virus. However, in contrast to the situation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, a predominant major virus variant was detected neither in a monkey naturally infected for more than 10 years nor in two monkeys infected with a molecular virus clone for 15-20 months. Extensive variability evolves from a single genotype with a maximal rate of 7.7 mutations per 1000 nucleotides per year. A remarkable selection for nonsynonymous mutations that accounts for 92% of all changes indicates continuous selection of variants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Fidelity of reverse transcriptase of the simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey.

The in vitro fidelity of highly purified recombinant reverse transcriptase from simian immunodeficiency virus of African green monkeys (SIVagm) was determined. By using the phi X174am16 reversion assay an overall error rate of 1/19,000 was determined. This is 2.4-fold higher than the overall accuracy of purified recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, measured in parallel. The evaluation of error frequencies from nucleotide pool bias studies suggest an even higher accuracy for the SIVagm-derived reverse transcriptase. T:dGMP mismatches were formed most frequently with an error rate of 1/155,000, followed by G:dGMP (1/230,000), A:dGMP (1/315,000), G:dAMP (1/340,000), T:dCMP (1/540,000), T:dTMP (1/790,000), and A:dCMP (1/1,050,000) mispairs. Thus, according to pool bias effects and depending on the mismatch under consideration SIVagm reverse transcriptase appears to be 2 to 20-fold more accurate than the homologous enzyme from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This higher accuracy is not due to a co-purifying exonuclaease activity. Like the enzyme from HIV-1, the simian monkey-derived enzyme was found to be devoid of a proofreading 3' to 5' exonuclease.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Target weight procedure: preventing water intoxication.

1. Prevention of water intoxication depends on early intervention for polydipsic patients who seem to be retaining fluid. The Target Weight Procedure is designed to detect early signs of fluid retention by means of weight gain and low sodium levels. 2. The use of this protocol, in addition to successfully decreasing the number of acute water intoxication episodes, has also led to increased awareness of the meaning of patient behavior, an increased sense of control of patients with water intoxication over their behavior, and an increased feeling of competence among the staff. 3. The success of the protocol seems to be based on its purpose of identifying patients at risk and those with an impending episode, as well as secondary advantages, for example, giving the patients the option to alter their behavior to be removed from the protocol.

Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Epidemiology and pathogenicity of human retroviruses.

The human retroviruses can be divided into oncovirus (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) and lentivirus strains (HIV-1 and -2). The HTLVs are endemic in Central Africa, the Caribbean Islands and in southwest Japan, but now tend to spread through the i.v.-drug user population in the USA and in some countries in Western Europe. HTLV infection is associated with a malignant form of adult T-cell leukemia, tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and an associated myelopathy (HAM). The pathogenic mechanisms of HTLV are as yet poorly understood. HIV infection is spreading rapidly almost world-wide and has reached epidemic proportions in Central Africa, parts of South America and in certain populations in industrialized countries that have risk behaviour for contracting venereal or blood-borne infections. The mechanisms of HIV-induced immune suppression are still not entirely clear, as direct T-lymphocyte destruction after viral infection cannot account for the almost complete loss of CD4 T-cells in the final stages of disease. Various indirect mechanisms of HIV-induced immune cell destruction are outlined below.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1991

[Detection of retinal visual field defects by sectorial photic stimulation in scotopic luminance ERG].

We developed an electroretinographic procedure to assess visual field defects due to dysfunction of the outer retinal layers. For this objective we determined the amplitude/intensity function of the scotopic b-wave to full field (100 degrees of visual angle), quadrant and hemifield stimulation in 14 healthy volunteers and in patients with visual field disturbances. To prevent stray light effects, we confined the test light illuminance to 10(1.3) of the extrapolated normal ERG threshold (about 10(4.2) the sensory dark threshold). Whereas patients with dysfunction of the proximal retinal layers or the optic nerve did not show any change when the corresponding visual field was stimulated, those suffering from disturbances of the distal retinal layers (e.g., amotio, chorioretinal diseases) showed a reduction in the amplitude/intensity function, which was related to the extension and the degree of the field losses. The method reveals visual field defects caused by disturbances in the outer retinal layers where one-fourth or more of the corresponding retinal quadrant exhibits a sensitivity loss of more than 15 dB.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Simian immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Purification and partial characterization.

Native reverse transcriptase from simian immunodeficiency virus was purified from virus with good recovery to near homogeneity. The optimum reaction conditions of the enzyme were determined with respect to divalent cations, pH and ionic strength. The enzyme was shown to possess both RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA synthesis activity. In addition, we could demonstrate an associated RNase H activity. Employing novel assay conditions, activated DNA as a heteropolymeric substrate was used more efficiently than the homopolymeric substrate poly(rA).oligo(dT) which in turn was used twofold more effectively as the template primer than poly(dC).oligo(dG). Other homopolymeric substrates, including poly(rC).oligo(dG), were also tested but were found to be poorly used by the reverse transcriptase. The Miachaelis-Menten constants were determined for each of the four nucleotides needed to elongate a natural template primer. Simultaneously, using dideoxyadenosine triphosphate as nucleotide analogue, we could show that this compound acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to dATP, whereas it acts as a non-competitive inhibitor with respect to the other nucleotides. Gel electrophoretic analysis showed the enzyme to consist of two polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 64 and 48 kDa. Using activity gel electrophoresis, we were able to demonstrate that both subunits exhibit DNA synthesis activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Complete nucleotide sequence of a simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: a novel type of intragroup divergence.

We have determined the entire nucleotide sequence of a full-length molecular clone, termed SIVagm3, which is infectious in vitro and in vivo. The genomic organization was found to be similar to other immunodeficiency viruses of human and simian origin. Comparison of SIVagm3 with SIVagmTYO-1, the only other completely sequenced molecular SIVagm clone, revealed a novel type of intragroup divergence, which is characterized by (1) an unusually high degree of variability in pol in relation to gag and env and (2) a high degree of divergence in the rev and tat genes. Thus, since SIVagm3 and SIVagmTYO-1 evolved from their common ancestor, they diverged in a different manner than human immunodeficiency viruses. Hypervariable regions in env were defined and shown to be relatively restricted in comparison to HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Cloning and expression of the complete SIVagm pol region in E. coli. Purification and partial characterization of the reverse transcriptase.

The complete pol region of the simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The reverse transcriptase was purified to high specific activity and could be shown to contain both reverse transcriptase activity as well as an associated RNase H activity. As is observed with other reverse transcriptases the enzyme is composed of two subunits which cannot be separated by conventional techniques. When comparing the recombinant enzyme with the authentic enzyme isolated from virus no differences were found by biochemical, enzymological, or immunological criteria. Moreover, the action of inhibitors against this enzyme did not show significant differences when compared to reverse transcriptases from HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1989

Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus-related simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys.

We have isolated lentivirus strains that are related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops; AGM). Although immunologically related, these SIVagm are clearly distinct from other simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates, including isolates from Macaca mulatta (SIVmac) or even from other AGM. The SIVagm strains described in this communication grow well in a limited number of human T-lymphoma lines. Virus density, morphology, and reverse transcriptase activity are characteristic of the lentivirus group. SIVagm exhibits the following pattern of major virus proteins: p18, p28, gp45, p64, gp140. They appear to bind to the target cell via the CD4 or its primate analogue. Four virus isolates have already been molecularly cloned for detailed genomic analysis and within this SIV agm group they exhibit the genomic variability that is typical of lentiviruses. AGMs infected with this virus apparently remain healthy and therefore SIVagm not only provides a virus model for vaccine studies but also allows investigation of the defense mechanisms (immunological and others) that keep the AGMs healthy. Furthermore, precise genomic analysis of these and other SIV strains will lead to a better understanding of the evolution and pathogenicity of human lentiviruses like HIV.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm3 is highly divergent from other SIVagm isolates and is biologically active in vitro and in vivo.

Simian immunodeficiency viruses have been isolated from African green monkeys originating from Ethiopia. A molecular clone, termed SIVagm3, was found to be highly divergent from SIVagmTYO-1 in terms of its restriction map and partial nucleotide sequence. A premature stop codon present in the transmembrane protein of SIVagm TYO-1 was absent in SIVagm3. SIVagm3 was biologically active in vitro and in vivo and displayed characteristics reminiscent of the wild-type virus. Biological activity was demonstrated by seroconversion of juvenile African green monkeys and Macaca nemestrina after inoculation. In contrast to antibody reactivity mainly directed against env proteins in naturally infected African green monkeys. African green monkeys and M. nemestrina infected with the cloned virus showed antibody reactivity directed against all major proteins as demonstrated by immunoblot analysis. The availability of a biologically fully competent molecular clone of SIVagm allows us now to address various pertinent questions in an animal model system which should help to understand features of human immunodeficiency virus infection in human beings.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Issues in the nursing management of patients with water intoxication.

The syndrome of water intoxication, experienced by a small percentage of hospitalized chronically mentally ill patients, is a two-stage process, usually beginning with polydipsia. In some patients the physiological ability to excrete excess free water is lost, and polydipsia progresses to hypervolemia and hyponatremia. The hyponatremia responds to fluid restriction. Nevertheless, nursing intervention associated with limiting a patient's fluids is complex, including psychodynamic, social, and behavioral factors. Because of the complexity of nursing care, and because of the unanswered questions about etiology and treatment of water intoxication, the area is fertile for nursing research.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Application of sandwich immunoassays for the determination of sample-specific background signals and its use for calibration of immunoassays.

Sample-related background signals in immunoassays can be measured by a variation of the double antibody sandwich principle, in which the unlabelled specific antibody is substituted by a similar unrelated non-specific antibody. This permits differentiation between the analyte-specific and the background signal components for each sample. The method permits selection of sera with no or low analyte content for use as analyte diluent and for defining the zero point of the calibration curve. The method also permits control of analyte content during production processes which may change the background signal as well as identification of samples with atypical background signals. The procedure has been used for the calibration of enzyme immunoassays for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Why research doesn't yield treatment.

This article has presented examples from nursing research with chronically mentally ill clients that illustrate problems with utilization of nursing research in this field. Obstacles to utilizing research in clinical practice include (a) difficulty in identification of treatment goals; (b) difficulty in measurement of treatment outcomes; (c) diversity of psychotherapeutic interventions; (d) attrition of clients over a relatively short period of time; and (e) variation among clients with regard to degree of impairment, response to medication, and social support. These problems were examined using the criteria described by Fawcett (1982) for utilization of research findings: scientific merit, clinical relevance, and clinical evaluation. Limitations for utilizing findings from research with the chronically mentally ill were illustrated in the areas of scientific merit and clinical evaluation. However, studies of the chronically mentally ill and their treatment showed definite clinical relevance, indicating the need for further research with the chronically mentally ill.

Chronic Disease↗