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M Goodfellow

Publications and source records attributed to M Goodfellow.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Mycolic acid patterns of some species of Mycobacterium.

Representative strains of some species of Mycobacterium were degraded by both acid and alkaline methanolysis. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography was used to determine the patterns of mycolic acids and other long-chain components in these methanolysates. Patterns composed of alpha-, methoxy- and ketomycolates were found in Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; a representative of Mycobacterium thermoresistibile also contained lower molecular weight alpha'-mycolates in addition to these three acids. In representatives of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, "Mycobacterium novum", Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium xenopi, and Mycobacterium sp. MNC 165 alpha- and ketomycolates were accompanied by omega-carboxymycolates and 2-eicosanol and homologous alcohols which are derived from wax-ester mycolates. Mycobacterium fortuitum and "Mycobacterium giae" contained alpha'- and epoxymycolates and both serovars of Mycobacterium simiae had a very characteristic pattern of alpha-, alpha'- and ketomycolic acids. Comparison with data for other mycobacteria showed the chemotaxonomic significance of these mycolic acid patterns.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1984

Fatty acid, polar lipid and wall amino acid composition of Gardnerella vaginalis.

Representative strains of Gardnerella vaginalis were degraded using both an alkaline and an acid methanolysis and the fatty acid methyl esters released examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. The profiles obtained were both qualitatively and quantitatively similar and were comprised of straight chain saturated and unsaturated non-hydroxylated fatty acids with hexadecanoic acid (16:0) and octadecenoic acid (18:1) the major components. All of the strains contained very characteristic polar lipid patterns consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, five partially identified glycolipids and an uncharacterised phospholipid. Analyses of wall amino acid preparations using gas chromatography showed that Gardnerella vaginalis strains contain major amounts of alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and lysine. The chemical data support the integrity of the genus Gardnerella.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Mycolic acid patterns of representative strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, 'Myobacterium peregrinum' and Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Representative strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, 'Mycobacterium peregrinum' and Mycobacterium smegmatis were degraded by acid methanolysis and patterns of long-chain compounds were determined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The same general pattern of mycolic acid methyl esters was found in all 39 strains examined, the major components being so-called alpha-mycolates and characteristic pairs of polar mycolates. Analysis of alkaline methanolysates of selected strains confirmed that these polar mycolates were derived from epoxymycolic acids, as found previously.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1984

Polar lipid and isoprenoid quinone composition in the classification of Staphylococcus.

Representatives of 13 species of Staphylococcus were examined using a small-scale procedure for the sequential extraction of isoprenoid quinones and polar lipids. Menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in the 77 test strains which were divided into three groups based upon the predominant isoprenologue detected: (i) S. hyicus subsp. hyicus, S. sciuri subsp. lentus and S. sciuri subsp. sciuri contained unsaturated menaquinones with six isoprene units; (ii) S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. hyicus subsp. chromogenes, S. intermedius, S. saprophyticus, S. simulans, S. warneri and S. xylosus contained unsaturated menaquinones with seven isoprene units and (iii) S. aureus contained unsaturated menaquinones with eight isoprene units and varying amounts of the corresponding lower isoprenologue. All of the organisms contained very similar polar lipid patterns consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, beta-gentiobiosyl diacylglycerol and a number of glycolipids and phospholipids. One of the glycolipids was chromatographically indistinguishable from beta-gentiotriosyl diacylglycerol. Lysylphosphatidylglycerol was a major component in S. aureus and S. intermedius but was usually present in minor amounts in the coagulase-negative strains. The polar lipid data underline the homogeneity of the genus Staphylococcus and distinguish staphylococci from aerobic, Gram-positive cocci and from the phylogenetically related aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria. Menaquinone composition can also be used to separate staphylococci from other aerobic, Gram-positive cocci.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1984

Lipid and wall amino acid composition in the classification of Rothia dentocariosa.

Seven strains of Rothia dentocariosa were degraded by acid methanolysis and the nonhydroxylated fatty acid methyl esters released were examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. The fatty acid profiles were composed of iso-, anteiso- and straight chain saturated fatty acids with 12-methyltetradecanoic (anteiso-C15), 14-methylpentadecanoic (iso-C16), 14-methylhexadecanoic (anteiso-C17) and hexadecanoic acid (C16) as major components. A small scale integrated procedure was used for the sequential extraction of isoprenoid quinones and polar lipids. The latter were examined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and all of the test strains contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two uncharacterised glycolipids. In all cases the major isoprenoid quinones were unsaturated menaquinones with seven isoprene units. Analyses of the cell wall amino acid composition using gas chromatography showed that the strains contained 2.5 to 5 moles of alanine and 1 mole each of glutamic acid and lysine. The chemical data support the integrity of Rothia dentocariosa and can be used to separate it from all other actinomycetes especially those which contain lysine in the wall peptidoglycan.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed1983

Numerical classification of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and related taxa.

Sixteen strains designated Mycobacterium farcinogenes, fifteen Mycobacterium senegalense, and ten Nocardia farcinica were, together with strains of Mycobacterium and Nocardia, subjected to numerical phenetic analyses using 96 unit characters. The data were examined using the simple matching (SSM), Jaccard (SJ) and pattern (DP) coefficients and clustering achieved using the unweighted average linkage algorithm. Cluster composition was not markedly affected by the coefficient used or by test error, estimated at 2.5%. The N. farcinica strains formed a distinct and homogeneous cluster in an aggregate taxon corresponding to the genus Nocardia. The M. farcinogenes and M. senegalense strains were recovered in well-defined and homogeneous phena within the genus Mycobacterium. Mycobacterium senegalense consistently showed a high overall similarity with clusters equated with M. chelonei and M. fortuitum, while the M. farcinogenes cluster was not closely associated with any of the mycobacterial clusters. The results are discussed in the light of other developments in the taxonomy of the bovine farcy bacteria.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1983

Mycolic acid patterns of four vaccine strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG.

Thin-layer chromatography of methanolysates of four widely used vaccine strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG showed that only one organism had the expected pattern of mycolic acid methyl esters characteristic of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The remaining three BCG strains lacked methoxy mycolic acid.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1983

Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera.

Four hundred and seventy-five strains, which included 394 type cultures of Streptomyces and representatives of 14 other actinomycete genera, were studied. Overall similarities of these strains for 139 unit characters were determined by the SSM and SJ coefficients and clustering by the UPGMA algorithm. Test error and overlap between the phena defined were within acceptable limits. Cluster-groups were defined by the SSM coefficient at the 70.1% similarity (S) level and by the SJ coefficient at the 50% S-level. Clusters were distinguished at the 77.5% SSM and 63% SJ S-levels. Groupings obtained with the two coefficients were generally similar, but there were some changes in the definition and membership of cluster-groups and clusters. The phenetic data obtained, together with those from previous diverse studies, indicated that the genera Actinopycnidium, Actinosporangium, Chainia, Elytrosporangium, Kitasatoa and Microellobosporia should be reduced to synonyms of Streptomyces, while Intrasporangium, Nocardioides and Streptoverticillium remained as distinct genera in the family Streptomycetaceae. Nocardiopsis dassonvillei also showed strong phenetic affinity to Streptomyces, despite its chemotaxonomic differences. Actinomadura sensu stricto was phenetically distinguishable from Streptomyces and 'Nocardia' mediterranea was recognized as a taxon distinct from both these genera and from Nocardia sensu stricto. Most of the Streptomyces type cultures fell into one large cluster-group. At the 77.5% SSM S-level, they were recovered in 19 major and 40 minor clusters, with 18 strains recovered as single member clusters. The status of the latter as species was therefore confirmed. Most of the minor clusters, consisting of two to five strains, can also be regarded as species. The major clusters varied in size (from 6 to 71 strains) and in there homogeneity. Therefore, it is suggested that they be regarded as species-groups until further information is available. The results provide a basis for the reduction of the large number of Streptomyces species which have been described. They also demonstrate that the previous use of a limited number of subjectively chosen characters to define species-groups or species has resulted in artificial classifications.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1983

A probability matrix for identification of some Streptomycetes.

The character state data obtained for clusters defined at the 77.5% SSM similarity level in the phenetic numerical classification described by Williams et al. (1983) were used to construct a probabilistic identification matrix. The 23 phena included were the major clusters (19 Streptomyces, 2 Streptoverticillium and 'Nocardia' mediterranea) and one minor cluster (Streptomyces fradiae). The characters most diagnostic for these clusters were selected using Sneath's CHARSEP and DIACHAR programs. The resulting matrix consisted of 41 characters x 23 phena. Identification scores, determined by Sneath's MATIDEN program were used to evaluate the matrix. Theoretical assessment was achieved by determination of the cluster overlap (OVERMAT), the identification scores for the Hypothetical Medium Organism of each cluster (MOSTTYP), and the scores for randomly selected cluster representatives using the classification data of Williams et al. (1983). The matrix was evaluated practically by the independent re-determination of the characters for the same cluster representatives, which also provided a measure of test error. Finally it was used to identify unknown isolates from a range of habitats. The results showed that the matrix was theoretically sound. Test error was within acceptable limits and did not distort identifications. Of the unknown isolates, 80% were clearly identified with a cluster. It is suggested that the matrix could form the basis for a more objective identification and grouping of the large number of Streptomyces species which have been described.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1983

Numerical taxonomy of staphylococci.

Over two hundred staphylococci from human and animal sources and representatives of established species of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Planococcus were compared in a numerical phenetic survey using 115 unit characters. Data were analyzed using the Jaccard coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with averages algorithm. Cluster composition was not markedly affected by test error, estimated as 3.49%. The staphylococci were assigned to eighteen clusters containing four or more strains and to three single member clusters. Most of the clusters were distinct and homogeneous though two were divided into subclusters. Some of the clusters and subclusters were equated with the established taxa S. aureus, S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. hyicus, S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri subspecies lentus, S. sciuri subspecies sciuri, S. simulans, S. warneri and S. xylosus, the remaining ones may represent the nuclei of additional centres of variation. The numerical data also cast doubts upon the reliability of some of the tests recommended for the identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Computers↗
PubMed1982

Lipids in the classification of Nocardioides: reclassification of Arthrobacter simplex (Jensen) lochhead in the genus Nocardioides (Prauser) emend. O'Donnell et al. as Nocardioides simplex comb. nov.

Representative strains of Nocardioides, Arthrobacter simplex and Arthrobacter tumescens were degraded by acid methanolysis and the fatty acid esters released examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. Branched-chain 14-methylpentadecanoic acid (iso-16) was the predominant component in all but one of the Nocardioides strains. Arthrobacter simplex also contained major amounts of this acid whereas A. tumescens had only minor amounts. All of the test strains possessed 15 and 17 carbon straight chain acids, tuberculostearic acid (10-methyloctadecanoic acid) and its 17 and 18-carbon homologues. The fatty acid profiles of Nocardioides strains lacked 13-methyltetradecanoic and heptadecanoic acids which were both present in Arthrobacter simplex and Arthrobacter tumescens. The profiles of these latter organisms were quantitatively different from each other. The polar lipids of the test strains all contained diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol but only Arthrobacter tumescens contained phosphatidylinositol and three unidentified polar lipids. Nocardioides and Arthrobacter simplex strains all contained two very characteristic closely related polar lipids. All of the test strains contained tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with eight isoprene units as the major isoprenologue. The results of the present study support the integrity of the genus Nocardioides and provide a reliable way of distinguishing it from other actinomycetes, such as Streptomyces, which also have LL-diaminopimelic acid and glycine in the peptidoglycan. The lipid data, together with results from chemical, genetic and phage host range studies, provide sufficient grounds for the transfer of Arthrobacter simplex to Nocardioides as Nocardioides simplex comb. nov. An emended description of the genus Nocarioides is given.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1982

A survey of the structures of mycolic acids in Corynebacterium and related taxa.

Acid methanolysates of 104 strains of coryneform and related bacteria were examined for mycolic acids by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. The mycolic acids of Corynebacterium sensu stricto strains were not uniform in size and structure, and considerable variation existed within the approximate limiting range of C22 to C36. Two species, Corynebacterium bovis and 'Corynebacterium mycetoides', were particularly distinctive; the former had exceptionally low molecular weight mycolic acids (C22 to C32), whereas the latter contained major amounts of mycolates with a side-chain possessing an odd number of carbon atoms. Caseobacter polymorphus contained mycolic acids of a similar size (C30 to C36) to those of true corynebacteria. The mycolates of organisms assigned to the genus Rhodococcus were generally larger (C30 to C56), although a clear distinction between two corynebacteria and rhodococci cannot presently be made by analysis of mycolic acids alone. Strains labelled 'Arthrobacter roseoparaffinus', Corynebacterium equi and Corynebacterium hoagii contained mycolic esters with molecular weights 'intermediate' in size between those of true corynebacteria and rhodococci. The mycolic acid data correlate well with other major trends in coryneform taxonomy and support earlier suggestions that they are of value in the classification of the group.

Arthrobacter↗
PubMed1982

Fatty acid composition of some mycolic acid-containing coryneform bacteria.

The fatty acid profiles of 74 strains of mycolic acid-containing coryneform bacteria were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. All of the strains contained major amounts of straight-chain and monounsaturated fatty acids although some also possessed substantial amounts of 10-methyloctadecanoic acid. Iso- and anteiso-branched acids were not present. Five distinct fatty acid patterns were evident: (i) Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. pseudotuberculosis and 'C. ulcerans' strains contained major amounts of hexadecanoic and hexadecenoic acids; (ii) C. glutamicum, C. xerosis and related saprophytic and animal-associated strains, predominantly hexadecanoic and octadecenoic acids; (iii) C. bovis, major amounts of octadecenoic and 10-methyloctadecanoic acids; (iv) 'C. mycetoides', significant amounts of heptadecanoic acid as well as hexadecanoic and octadecenoic acids; and (v) strains related to Rhodococcus possessed significant quantities of 10-methyloctadecanoic acid in addition to straight-chain and monounsaturated acids.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1982

Numerical classification of sporoactinomycetes containing meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall.

One hundred and thirty actinomycetes representing 19 genera and 50 species were compared in a numerical phenetic survey using 108 unit characters. Data were examined using the simple matching (SSM), Jaccard (SJ) and pattern (DP) coefficients and clustering was achieved using both the single and unweighted pair group average algorithms. Cluster composition was barely affected by the statistics used or by test error, estimated at 2.1%. Over 80% of the strains were assigned to 2 clusters containing between two and 25 organisms. Most of the clusters were distinct and homogeneous though two were divided into subclusters. Some of the clusters and subclusters were equated with the established taxa Actinomadura madurae, Actinomadura pelletieri, Dermatophilus congolensis, Geodermatophilus obscurus, Microbispora spp., Micromonospora spp., Micropolyspora brevicatena, Micropolyspora faeni, Nocardia spp., Nocardiopsis (Actinomadura) dassonvillei, Planobispora spp., Planomonospora spp., Saccharomonospora viridis, Streptomyces somaliensis, Thermoactinomyces candidus, Thermoactinomyces dichotomica, Thermoactinomyces sacchari, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and "Thermomonospora fusca'. The numerical data, together with results from previous chemical and genetical studies, provide sufficient evidence for the transfer of Micropolyspora brevicatena to Nocardia as Nocardia brevicatena comb. nov.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1982

Numerical classification of some Rhodococci, Corynebacteria and related organisms.

Nineteen strains of Corynebacterium sensu stricto, 23 received as Corynebacterium equi or Rhodococcus equi, marker cultures of Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Bacterionema matruchotii, Cellulomonas flavigena, Kurthia zopfii, Listeria denitrificans, Microbacterium lacticum, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus and 88 representatives of Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and the 'aurantiaca' taxon were the subject of numerical phenetic analyses using 92 characters. The data were examined using the simple matching (SSM) and Jaccard (SJ) coefficients and clustering was achieved using the average linkage algorithm. With a single exception, strains containing meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, galactose and mycolic acids were recovered in five aggregate clusters corresponding to Corynebacterium sensu stricto, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and the 'aurantiaca' taxon. Most of the Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi strains formed a good taxospecies which included the type strain of Corynebacterium hoagii. The numerical data, and the results of earlier chemical and genetical studies, also provide sufficient evidence for the transfer of Bacterionema matruchotii to Corynebacterium sensu stricto as Corynebacterium matruchotii comb.nov. and for the recognition of Rhodococcus globerulus sp.nov. for some strains previously classified as Rhodococcus rubropertinctus (Hefferan) Goodfellow & Alderson. The classification of the remaining marker strains correlates well with other major developments in coryneform taxonomy.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1982

The mycolic acids of Mycobacterium chelonei.

Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of whole-organism acid methanolysates of Mycobacterium chelonei gives a characteristic pattern of two non-polar mycolic acid methyl esters which allows the organism to be distinguished from all other mycobacteria including Mycobacterium fortuitum. The mycolic acids from Mycobacterium chelonei were composed of approximately equal amounts of a diunsaturated alpha-mycolate and a lower molecular weight alpha'-mycolate, though minor amounts of a different alpha-mycolate were also detected. These mycolic acids are the first examples of natural mixtures from mycobacteria lacking major amounts of acids having oxygen functions in addition to the 3-hydroxy acid unit.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1982

Numerical and chemical classification of Nocardia amarae.

Twenty-one strains of Nocardia amarae and marker cultures of Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and the 'aurantiaca' taxon were subjected to numerical phenetic analyses using 92 unit characters. The data were examined using the simple matching (SSM), Jaccard (SJ) and pattern (DP) coefficients and clustering was achieved using the unweighted average linkage algorithm. Neither cluster nor aggregate cluster composition was markedly affected by the coefficient used or by test error, estimated at 1.5%. The N. amarae strains formed a distinct and homogeneous cluster which showed its highest similarity to phena equated with Nocardia asteroides, Nocardia brasiliensis and Nocardia otitidis-caviarum. The non-hydroxylated fatty acid composition and overall size of the mycolic acids was similar to that found to be characteristic of Nocardia sensu stricto, though the long-chain in the 2-position of the mycolic acids was relatively much richer in monounsaturated components. Nocardia amarae, in containing dihydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units, is clearly distinguished from established representatives of Nocardia.

Fatty Acids↗