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M Goodfellow

Publications and source records attributed to M Goodfellow.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Identification of actinomycetes isolated from cases of bovine farcy in the Sudan.

Thirteen isolates from the lymph nodes of cattle with bovine farcy were examined for biochemical and physiological properties known to differentiate Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and Nocardia farcinica. Comparative immunodiffusion studies were performed on all of the test strains, and whole-organism methanolysates from a single representative strain were examined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The results of the biochemical, chemical, physiological and serological studies were all consistent with the assignment of the test strains to the genus Mycobacterium as Mycobacterium farcinogenes. The present study together with earlier ones support the hypothesis that M. farcinogenes and M. senegalense, but not N. farcinica, are the principal agents of bovine farcy.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed1985

Lipid and wall amino acid composition in the classification and identification of Arachnia propionica.

Two strains of Arachnia propionica and two Arachnia-like isolates were degraded by alkaline methanolysis and the non-hydroxylated fatty acid esters released were examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. The fatty acid profiles obtained were both qualitatively and quantitatively similar and were comprised of iso-, anteiso- and straight chain saturated fatty acids with 13-methyltetradecanoic acid (i-15) and 12-methyltetradecanoic acid (ai-15) as major components. One of the Arachnia-like strains (HIK 288) had, in addition to i-15 and ai-15, major amounts of pentadecanoic acid (15:0). All of the strains gave characteristic polar lipid patterns consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two incompletely characterised glycolipids. Analyses of wall amino acid preparations by gas and thin-layer chromatography showed that Arachnia propionica strains contain major amounts of alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and LL-diaminopimelic acid. The chemical data support the integrity of Arachnia propionica and provide a valuable means of differentiating it from morphologically and physiologically similar strains of Actinomyces israelii.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1985

Mycolic acid patterns of some rapidly-growing species of Mycobacterium.

Representative strains of some rapidly-growing species of Mycobacterium were degraded by both acid methanolysis and alkaline hydrolysis followed by phase-transfer catalysed conversion to methyl esters. Patterns of mycolic acids and other long-chain components were determined for 56 samples by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Representatives of Mycobacterium chitae contained epoxymycolates and alpha and alpha'-mycolates, lacking oxygen functions in addition to the 3-hydroxyacid unit; a previously recorded pattern of alpha,alpha'-, methoxy- and ketomycolates was confirmed for Mycobacterium thermoresistible. An unusual pattern of alpha-, alpha'-, methoxy- and minor possible ketomycolates was characteristic of Mycobacterium agri strains. Wax-ester and alpha-mycolates were present in all the remaining test strains, the former being observed as their omega-carboxymycolate and 2-alkanol degradation products. The principal remaining component corresponded to ketomycolates in extracts of Mycobacterium flavescens, Mycobacterium aichiense, Mycobacterium neoaurum, Mycobacterium rhodesiae, Mycobacterium tokaiense and five out of the seven Mycobacterium aurum strains. Such a pattern, but with reduced amounts of alpha-mycolates, was also found for Mycobacterium gadium and "Mycobacterium gallinarum". The above pattern, with the addition of alpha'-mycolates, was characteristic of Mycobacterium chubuense, Mycobacterium duvalii, Mycobacterium gilvum, Mycobacterium parafortuitum and two remaining strains of M. aurum. Representatives of Mycobacterium komossense had a characteristic pattern with components co-chromatographing with alpha-, methoxy-, keto- and omega-carboxymycolates and 2-alkanols. A number of unidentified polar components were recorded in certain chromatographic patterns.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1985

Distribution of some mycobacterial waxes based on the phthiocerol family.

Characteristic waxes, based on methoxy and keto long-chain diols, members of the phthiocerol family, have been isolated from representatives of Mycobacterium bovis, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. microti and M. tuberculosis. M. kansasii produced essentially di-esters of the ketodiol phthiodiolone A, but the remaining species also had waxes based on the methoxy-diols phthiocerol A and phthiocerol B. Gas chromatography of derivatives of the components of the waxes showed that the phthiocerol A components from M. bovis, M. microti and M. microti and M. tuberculosis were qualitatively similar, being mainly C34 and C36, but potentially significant differences were seen in the proportions of the components from M. bovis. The phthiocerols A from M. marinum were C28 and C30 and the phthiodiolones A from M. kansasii were C25 and C27. The multimethyl-branched acids from the waxes of M. bovis were quantitatively different from those of M. microti and M. tuberculosis but all these mycocerosic acids ranged in size from C23 or C24 to C32, with C29 or C30 being the major component in most cases. M. marinum and M. kansasii strains had mainly C26 or C27 and C29 or C30 multimethyl-branched acids, respectively.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1985

Quantitative comparison of the mycolic and fatty acid compositions of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium gordonae.

The mycolic and fatty acids of three samples each of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium gordonae were compared. Acids released by whole-organism alkaline hydrolysis were converted to 4-nitrobenzyl esters and mycolic acids were further derivatized to t-butyldimethylsilyl ethers. Thin-layer chromatography of the derivatized long-chain extracts showed that all three M. leprae preparations contained so-called alpha-mycolates and ketomycolates but that the M. gordonae samples had a methoxymycolate in addition to the above types. Silica gel normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of the total mycolic acid derivatives confirmed the lack of detectable amounts of methoxymycolates in M. leprae and reverse-phase chromatography of the individual mycolate types demonstrated the homogeneity of the chain lengths of the mycolic acids in each species. Non-hydroxylated fatty acid 4-nitrobenzyl esters were transformed to methyl esters and examined by gas chromatography. Tuberculostearic (10-methyloctadecanoic) acid was a major component of the lipids of all three M. leprae preparations but it was absent in one M. gordonae strain and a very minor component in the other representatives of this latter species. On the basis of fatty and mycolic acid compositions, therefore, a previously suggested close relationship between M. leprae and M. gordonae was not supported.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Numerical analysis of fatty acid profiles in the identification of staphylococci.

Representative strains of coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci were degraded by acid methanolysis and the resultant fatty acid methyl esters analysed by gas chromatography. The quantitative data obtained were examined by cluster analysis. The coagulase-positive strains formed six major and one single-member cluster at the 90% S-level. The Staphylococcus intermedius aggregate cluster included the single-member cluster and major clusters 1 and 2. The four remaining clusters contained S. aureus strains and were homogeneous and distinct. The coagulase-negative strains were recovered in ten major and three single-member clusters at the 90% S-level. Five of the ten major clusters were reasonably homogeneous with respect to the existing classification. Thus, three S. capitis strains and five of the six S. epidermidis strains, two of the three S. hominis strains and five of the six S. simulans strains were recovered in separate clusters. Cluster 7 was divided into two subclusters; one contained five of the six S. hyicus strains and the other contained the two representatives of S. lentus. The remaining clusters were heterogeneous with regard to the named strains they contained.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1985

Menaquinone composition of mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes and some sporoactinomycetes.

The menaquinones of 141 actinomycetes representing the genera Caseobacter, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and some related taxa lacking mycolic acids were examined by mass spectrometry. The mycolic acid-containing strains were assigned to four groups on the basis of the predominant isoprenologue detected: Rhodococcus coprophilus, R. equi, R. erythropolis, R. globerulus, R. rhodnii, R. rhodochrous and R. ruber contained dihydrogenated menaquinones with eight isoprene units; Nocardia asteroides, N. brasiliensis, N. carnea, N. otitidis-caviarum and N. transvalensis contained tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with eight isoprene units; Caseobacter polymorphus, R. bronchialis, R. rubropertinctus and R. terrae and representatives of twenty-one approved species of Mycobacterium contained dihydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units; a single strain of 'Mycobacterium album', contained unsaturated menaquinones with nine isoprene units. Actinomycetes containing meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose in the wall peptidoglycan but lacking mycolic acids were recovered in two groups: tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with eight isoprene units were the main components from 'Nocardia' autotrophica and Pseudonocardia thermophila whereas Saccharopolyspora hirsuta and Pseudonocardia spp. contained tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units. Promicromonospora citrea and 'skin coryneforms' with LL-diaminopimelic acid and glycine in the wall peptidoglycan also contained tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the major isoprenologue. In contrast, representatives of the genera Kitasatoa, Microellobosporia, Streptomyces and Streptoverticillium were characterized by the presence of complex mixtures of tetra-, hexa- and octa-hydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units. The menaquinone data correlate well with other developments in actinomycete systematics and confirm earlier suggestions that menaquinone analyses are of value in both the classification and identification of actinomycetes. Indeed, the data suggest that minimal descriptions of wall chemotype IV taxa should ideally include information on menaquinone composition.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1984

Mycolic acid patterns of some species of Mycobacterium.

Representative strains of some species of Mycobacterium were degraded by both acid and alkaline methanolysis. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography was used to determine the patterns of mycolic acids and other long-chain components in these methanolysates. Patterns composed of alpha-, methoxy- and ketomycolates were found in Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; a representative of Mycobacterium thermoresistibile also contained lower molecular weight alpha'-mycolates in addition to these three acids. In representatives of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, "Mycobacterium novum", Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium xenopi, and Mycobacterium sp. MNC 165 alpha- and ketomycolates were accompanied by omega-carboxymycolates and 2-eicosanol and homologous alcohols which are derived from wax-ester mycolates. Mycobacterium fortuitum and "Mycobacterium giae" contained alpha'- and epoxymycolates and both serovars of Mycobacterium simiae had a very characteristic pattern of alpha-, alpha'- and ketomycolic acids. Comparison with data for other mycobacteria showed the chemotaxonomic significance of these mycolic acid patterns.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1984

Fatty acid, polar lipid and wall amino acid composition of Gardnerella vaginalis.

Representative strains of Gardnerella vaginalis were degraded using both an alkaline and an acid methanolysis and the fatty acid methyl esters released examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. The profiles obtained were both qualitatively and quantitatively similar and were comprised of straight chain saturated and unsaturated non-hydroxylated fatty acids with hexadecanoic acid (16:0) and octadecenoic acid (18:1) the major components. All of the strains contained very characteristic polar lipid patterns consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, five partially identified glycolipids and an uncharacterised phospholipid. Analyses of wall amino acid preparations using gas chromatography showed that Gardnerella vaginalis strains contain major amounts of alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and lysine. The chemical data support the integrity of the genus Gardnerella.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Mycolic acid patterns of representative strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, 'Myobacterium peregrinum' and Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Representative strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum, 'Mycobacterium peregrinum' and Mycobacterium smegmatis were degraded by acid methanolysis and patterns of long-chain compounds were determined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The same general pattern of mycolic acid methyl esters was found in all 39 strains examined, the major components being so-called alpha-mycolates and characteristic pairs of polar mycolates. Analysis of alkaline methanolysates of selected strains confirmed that these polar mycolates were derived from epoxymycolic acids, as found previously.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1984

Polar lipid and isoprenoid quinone composition in the classification of Staphylococcus.

Representatives of 13 species of Staphylococcus were examined using a small-scale procedure for the sequential extraction of isoprenoid quinones and polar lipids. Menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in the 77 test strains which were divided into three groups based upon the predominant isoprenologue detected: (i) S. hyicus subsp. hyicus, S. sciuri subsp. lentus and S. sciuri subsp. sciuri contained unsaturated menaquinones with six isoprene units; (ii) S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. hyicus subsp. chromogenes, S. intermedius, S. saprophyticus, S. simulans, S. warneri and S. xylosus contained unsaturated menaquinones with seven isoprene units and (iii) S. aureus contained unsaturated menaquinones with eight isoprene units and varying amounts of the corresponding lower isoprenologue. All of the organisms contained very similar polar lipid patterns consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, beta-gentiobiosyl diacylglycerol and a number of glycolipids and phospholipids. One of the glycolipids was chromatographically indistinguishable from beta-gentiotriosyl diacylglycerol. Lysylphosphatidylglycerol was a major component in S. aureus and S. intermedius but was usually present in minor amounts in the coagulase-negative strains. The polar lipid data underline the homogeneity of the genus Staphylococcus and distinguish staphylococci from aerobic, Gram-positive cocci and from the phylogenetically related aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria. Menaquinone composition can also be used to separate staphylococci from other aerobic, Gram-positive cocci.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗
PubMed1984

Lipid and wall amino acid composition in the classification of Rothia dentocariosa.

Seven strains of Rothia dentocariosa were degraded by acid methanolysis and the nonhydroxylated fatty acid methyl esters released were examined by thin-layer and gas chromatography. The fatty acid profiles were composed of iso-, anteiso- and straight chain saturated fatty acids with 12-methyltetradecanoic (anteiso-C15), 14-methylpentadecanoic (iso-C16), 14-methylhexadecanoic (anteiso-C17) and hexadecanoic acid (C16) as major components. A small scale integrated procedure was used for the sequential extraction of isoprenoid quinones and polar lipids. The latter were examined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and all of the test strains contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two uncharacterised glycolipids. In all cases the major isoprenoid quinones were unsaturated menaquinones with seven isoprene units. Analyses of the cell wall amino acid composition using gas chromatography showed that the strains contained 2.5 to 5 moles of alanine and 1 mole each of glutamic acid and lysine. The chemical data support the integrity of Rothia dentocariosa and can be used to separate it from all other actinomycetes especially those which contain lysine in the wall peptidoglycan.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed1983

Numerical classification of Mycobacterium farcinogenes, Mycobacterium senegalense and related taxa.

Sixteen strains designated Mycobacterium farcinogenes, fifteen Mycobacterium senegalense, and ten Nocardia farcinica were, together with strains of Mycobacterium and Nocardia, subjected to numerical phenetic analyses using 96 unit characters. The data were examined using the simple matching (SSM), Jaccard (SJ) and pattern (DP) coefficients and clustering achieved using the unweighted average linkage algorithm. Cluster composition was not markedly affected by the coefficient used or by test error, estimated at 2.5%. The N. farcinica strains formed a distinct and homogeneous cluster in an aggregate taxon corresponding to the genus Nocardia. The M. farcinogenes and M. senegalense strains were recovered in well-defined and homogeneous phena within the genus Mycobacterium. Mycobacterium senegalense consistently showed a high overall similarity with clusters equated with M. chelonei and M. fortuitum, while the M. farcinogenes cluster was not closely associated with any of the mycobacterial clusters. The results are discussed in the light of other developments in the taxonomy of the bovine farcy bacteria.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1983

Mycolic acid patterns of four vaccine strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG.

Thin-layer chromatography of methanolysates of four widely used vaccine strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG showed that only one organism had the expected pattern of mycolic acid methyl esters characteristic of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The remaining three BCG strains lacked methoxy mycolic acid.

BCG Vaccine↗
PubMed1983

Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera.

Four hundred and seventy-five strains, which included 394 type cultures of Streptomyces and representatives of 14 other actinomycete genera, were studied. Overall similarities of these strains for 139 unit characters were determined by the SSM and SJ coefficients and clustering by the UPGMA algorithm. Test error and overlap between the phena defined were within acceptable limits. Cluster-groups were defined by the SSM coefficient at the 70.1% similarity (S) level and by the SJ coefficient at the 50% S-level. Clusters were distinguished at the 77.5% SSM and 63% SJ S-levels. Groupings obtained with the two coefficients were generally similar, but there were some changes in the definition and membership of cluster-groups and clusters. The phenetic data obtained, together with those from previous diverse studies, indicated that the genera Actinopycnidium, Actinosporangium, Chainia, Elytrosporangium, Kitasatoa and Microellobosporia should be reduced to synonyms of Streptomyces, while Intrasporangium, Nocardioides and Streptoverticillium remained as distinct genera in the family Streptomycetaceae. Nocardiopsis dassonvillei also showed strong phenetic affinity to Streptomyces, despite its chemotaxonomic differences. Actinomadura sensu stricto was phenetically distinguishable from Streptomyces and 'Nocardia' mediterranea was recognized as a taxon distinct from both these genera and from Nocardia sensu stricto. Most of the Streptomyces type cultures fell into one large cluster-group. At the 77.5% SSM S-level, they were recovered in 19 major and 40 minor clusters, with 18 strains recovered as single member clusters. The status of the latter as species was therefore confirmed. Most of the minor clusters, consisting of two to five strains, can also be regarded as species. The major clusters varied in size (from 6 to 71 strains) and in there homogeneity. Therefore, it is suggested that they be regarded as species-groups until further information is available. The results provide a basis for the reduction of the large number of Streptomyces species which have been described. They also demonstrate that the previous use of a limited number of subjectively chosen characters to define species-groups or species has resulted in artificial classifications.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1983

A probability matrix for identification of some Streptomycetes.

The character state data obtained for clusters defined at the 77.5% SSM similarity level in the phenetic numerical classification described by Williams et al. (1983) were used to construct a probabilistic identification matrix. The 23 phena included were the major clusters (19 Streptomyces, 2 Streptoverticillium and 'Nocardia' mediterranea) and one minor cluster (Streptomyces fradiae). The characters most diagnostic for these clusters were selected using Sneath's CHARSEP and DIACHAR programs. The resulting matrix consisted of 41 characters x 23 phena. Identification scores, determined by Sneath's MATIDEN program were used to evaluate the matrix. Theoretical assessment was achieved by determination of the cluster overlap (OVERMAT), the identification scores for the Hypothetical Medium Organism of each cluster (MOSTTYP), and the scores for randomly selected cluster representatives using the classification data of Williams et al. (1983). The matrix was evaluated practically by the independent re-determination of the characters for the same cluster representatives, which also provided a measure of test error. Finally it was used to identify unknown isolates from a range of habitats. The results showed that the matrix was theoretically sound. Test error was within acceptable limits and did not distort identifications. Of the unknown isolates, 80% were clearly identified with a cluster. It is suggested that the matrix could form the basis for a more objective identification and grouping of the large number of Streptomyces species which have been described.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1983

Numerical taxonomy of staphylococci.

Over two hundred staphylococci from human and animal sources and representatives of established species of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Planococcus were compared in a numerical phenetic survey using 115 unit characters. Data were analyzed using the Jaccard coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with averages algorithm. Cluster composition was not markedly affected by test error, estimated as 3.49%. The staphylococci were assigned to eighteen clusters containing four or more strains and to three single member clusters. Most of the clusters were distinct and homogeneous though two were divided into subclusters. Some of the clusters and subclusters were equated with the established taxa S. aureus, S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. hyicus, S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri subspecies lentus, S. sciuri subspecies sciuri, S. simulans, S. warneri and S. xylosus, the remaining ones may represent the nuclei of additional centres of variation. The numerical data also cast doubts upon the reliability of some of the tests recommended for the identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Computers↗