Acute compartment syndrome in the forearm following closed reduction and K-wiring of wrist fracture.
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Acute Disease↗
Biomedical subjects
M Maru
Publications and source records attributed to M Maru.
Determination of urate crystal formation using flow cytometry and microarea X-ray diffractometry.
Gout is known to be induced by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. The formation of MSU crystals is the first step of gouty inflammation. Detecting the early stage of crystallization accurately is considered to be important in understanding the mechanism of gouty arthritis. In this study, we employed flow cytometry (FCM) to detect small amounts of crystals produced in a supersaturated solution of uric acid. FCM was sensitive and crystals were determined at 2 h after the beginning of reaction. Gamma-globulin accelerated the formation rate time-dependently and dose-dependently. Low levels of lactic acid (less than 1.0 mg/ml) did not affect the formation rate but lactic acid of 2.0 mg/ml enhanced the formation of urate crystals. The crystals obtained with 2.0 mg/ml of lactic acid were analyzed with a microarea X-ray diffractometer and were shown to be a mixture of MSU and uric acid. FCM is a very useful method to determine the formation of crystals. Furthermore, analysis with a microarea X-ray diffractometer can provide detailed information about crystal composition.
Crystallization↗
Race and creatinine excretion in chronic renal insufficiency.
Black race and the absence of diabetes are associated with higher levels of serum creatinine in patients with end-stage renal disease. We examined whether these factors have a similar influence on creatinine excretion in men with chronic renal insufficiency. The hypotheses were tested in one sample (group A, n = 35) and the findings replicated in a second, independent sample (group B, n = 66). Creatinine excretion normalized to weight (UCr/kg) was compared by race and diabetic status. UCr/kg and creatinine clearance also were compared with the values predicted by the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula (based on the regression equation, UCr/kg = 28 - age/5). In each sample, mean UCr/kg was significantly higher in black patients than in nonblack patients (group A, P = 0.004; group B, P = 0.029), and UCr/kg and creatinine clearance were significantly underestimated by the CG predictions in black patients (group A, P < or = 0.004; group B, P < or = 0.019), but not in nonblack patients. Diabetes did not significantly influence UCr/kg. The analysis also was performed at two age levels (< 50 years or > or = 50 years) using groups A and B combined. For black patients younger than 50 (n = 10), observed UCr/kg (P = 0.059) and creatinine clearance (P = 0.025) exceeded the values predicted by the CG formula; the analysis of nonblack patients younger than 50 years was limited by sample size (n = 1). For patients aged 50 years and older (black, n = 32; nonblack, n = 58), mean UCr/kg was significantly higher in black patients (P = 0.034), and UCr/kg and creatinine clearance were significantly underestimated by the CG predictions in black patients (P < or = 0.002) but not in nonblack patients. In multiple regression analysis of all patients aged 50 years and older, UCr/kg was independently influenced by both race (P < 0.05) and age (P < 0.04) (overall model, multiple R = 0.31; P = 0.012). The prediction equation was UCr/kg (mg/kg) = 23.6 - age/8.3 + 1.9 x race (race = 0 if nonblack; race = 1 if black). We conclude that the creatinine excretion rate was strongly affected by race but not diabetes in men with chronic renal insufficiency. The CG formula significantly underestimated UCr/kg and therefore creatinine clearance in black patients. These findings may reflect differences between black and nonblack subjects in body composition, muscle metabolism, or diet, and the interaction of these factors with chronic renal insufficiency.
Aged↗
Naturally occurring dermatitis associated with Staphylococcus aureus in DS-Nh mice.
A naturally occurring epizootic of dermatitis involved all the mice, provisionally designated as DS-Nh, housed under conventional conditions, regardless of age or sex. The disease primarily attacked the lateral aspect of the face, neck and shoulders. The histopathologic features of the dermatitis varied in severity, but all affected regions showed signs of chronic dermatitis, including infiltration of inflammatory cells, parakeratosis and amyloidosis, and contained Gram-positive cocci clusters. Bacteriologically, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was recovered in pure culture from the skin lesions. The disease experimentally induced with the S. aureus isolates was indistinguishable from those observed in naturally occurring cases. The results suggested that S. aureus may be casually associated with the disease.
Animals↗
[Social support of chronically-ill children and healthy children].
The purpose of this study was to describe characteristics of social support of chronically-ill children and to compare social support of chronically-ill children with those of healthy children. Subjects consisted of 204 chronically-ill children aged between 9 and 18 years old and 544 healthy children aged between 10 and 17 years old. Results of this study were as follows: 1. In both chronically-ill children and healthy children, parents' support score and teachers' support score were significantly higher in elementary school children than high school students. In both groups, friends' support score was significantly higher in girls than boys. 2. Chronically-ill children reported significantly higher scores of parents' support, friends' support and teachers' support than those of healthy children. 3. Parents' support score was significantly lower in children with diabetes than those with asthma and cancer. 4. The total score of social support and teachers' support score were significantly lower in children with employed mothers than those with unemployed mothers. 5. The total social support score of children who participated in non-sports extracurricular activities was significantly higher than those of children who did not participate in non-sports activities.
Adolescent↗
Atrial fibrillation and embolic complications.
Clinical records of 136 cardiac patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) followed in the cardiac clinic of the Black Lion Hospital were analysed. The mean age of the patients was 41 +/- 13 years, with a male to female ratio of 1.0:1.6. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) was found in 66.3%, hypertension in 10.3%, cardiomyopathy in 8.8% and ischaemic heart disease in 6.6%. Embolic episodes occurred in 26 (19.1%) cases with five deaths. Twenty-one patients had cerebrovascular accident while five had femoral artery occlusion. The major cause of embolisation was rheumatic valvular heart diseases (65.5%), especially mitral stenosis. In order to reduce the high risk of systemic emboli, it is recommended that patients with AF and associated recent onset of congestive heart failure, previous history of thromboembolism and hypertension should be anticoagulated if there are no contraindications.
Adolescent↗
Anti-tumor activity of ceramides and glycosphingolipids in a murine tumor system.
The anti-tumor activity of 7 sphingolipids, 2 ceramides and 5 glycosphingolipids against the syngeneic murine ascitic tumors MH134 and MM102 in C3H mice was examined. Five of these compounds showed anti-tumor activity against the tumors, ceramide type-IV (Cer-IV) having the highest activity without cytotoxic or cytostatic activity. These results indicate that the fatty acid in ceramide and sugar chains binding to it affect the anti-tumor activity in vivo. The anti-tumor activity of Cer-IV depended on the time of treatment. Mice treated with Cer-IV one day after tumor implantation showed the highest rate of survival. The cured mice were resistant to rechallenge with the same tumor (MH134-->MH134, MM102-->MM102) but not with a heterologous tumor (MH134-->X5563, MM102-->X5563), indicating that the effect of Cer-IV may be due to in vivo induction of specific immunity. Studies with various antibodies demonstrated that the anti-tumor effect of Cer-IV was inhibited by all the antibodies tested (L3T4, Lyt-2, and Thy-1,2 T cells, macrophages, and TNF alpha) in the induction phase (before Cer-IV administration) and by the antibodies of L3T4 and TNF alpha in the effector phase (after Cer-IV administration). Therefore, the anti-tumor effect of Cer-IV in this system depended on the host immune response rather than on its direct cytotoxic and/or cytostatic action.
Animals↗
Sustaining collaborative problem solving: strategies from a study in six Asian countries.
This paper presents findings from seven case studies of collaborative problem solving. The cases represent models of large-scale collaborative effort to improve the social, economic or health status of residents in poor communities. In these examples a variety of organizations worked together: government, business, voluntary agencies, community groups and people's organizations. A range of strategies was evident as these entities tried to sustain their collaboration. Strategies identified included those deployed collectively, those used by an individual organization to maintain its ability to participate and those used to persuade or pressure needed collaborators to become involved or stay the course. Specific strategies employed and descriptions of their use are presented and comprise a compelling profile of how collaborative problem solving functions.
Asia↗
The changing pattern of cardiovascular diseases in Ethiopia.
A total of 474 patients (216 males and 258 females) with cardiovascular diseases which were followed in the cardiac clinic of the Gondar College of Medical Science Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia, between 1985 and 1988 were studied. The commonest form of heart disease in Ethiopians was found to be rheumatic heart disease (42%), and affects mostly young people, who often have advanced valvular lesions. Hypertension (38.1%) was the second most common cause of heart disease. It affects mostly young people and 77% of the cases are of essential type. The incidences of atherosclerotic and congenital heart disease have not changed but that of syphilitic heart disease and cardiomyopathy have markedly decreased in the last 20 years. The incidences of rheumatic and hypertensive heart diseases have shown a significant increase. However, the rise in the incidence of myocardial infarction over a 20 year period from 0.88 per 1000 in 1963-68 to 6.4 per 1000 in 1985-88 is distinctively impressive.
Adolescent↗
Evaluation of a protease activation mutant of Sendai virus as a potent live vaccine.
A protease activation mutant of Sendai virus, TR-5, was investigated as a candidate for a live vaccine. Vaccination with TR-5 which had been activated by chymotrypsin beforehand (active TR-5) elicited protective immunity against otherwise lethal challenge infection with wild-type Sendai virus in DBA/2, C3H and ICR strains of mice. Less of the active TR-5 was required to confer protection on mice compared with an ordinary ether-inactivated Sendai virus vaccine (split vaccine). The protective immunity elicited by TR-5 lasted longer and the booster effect was more prominent compared to the split vaccine. No seroconversion was observed with contact mice when housed in a cage with mice vaccinated with the active TR-5. The overall results show that the active TR-5 is an effective and safe live vaccine of Sendai virus in mice.
Administration, Inhalation↗
Prevalence of atherosclerosis of the aorta in Ethiopians: a postmortem study.
The study showed that some type of atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta were found in 58 (47%) of 124 autopsies examined. Fatty streak was found in 41 (32%), fibrous plaque in 28 (23%), calcified lesions in 7 (6%) and complicated lesions in 5 (4%) cases. Fatty streak was found only in 23% of the cases below the age of 20 years. It was the dominant lesion below the age of 60 years in both the thoracic and abdominal aorta. Fibrous plaque was not found below the age of 30 years but a rapid increase in prevalence occurred by the age group of 40-49, reaching peak level of 80% by the age of 70-79 years. Complicated and calcified lesions started to appear in the thoracic and abdominal aorta by the age of 40-49 years, with a rapid increase in prevalence after the age of 60 years. The study demonstrated clearly that atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta are definitely present in nearly half of the autopsied Ethiopians aged 10 years and upwards.
Adolescent↗
Antitumor efficacy of vaccinia virus-modified tumor cell vaccine.
The antitumor efficacies of vaccinia virus-modified tumor cell vaccines were examined in murine syngeneic MH134 and X5563 tumor cells. UV-inactivated vaccinia virus was inoculated i.p. into C3H/HeN mice that had received whole body X-irradiation at 150 rads. After 3 weeks, the vaccines were administered i.p. 3 times at weekly intervals. One week after the last injection, mice were challenged i.p. with various doses of syngeneic MH134 or X5563 viable tumor cells. Four methods were used for preparing tumor cell vaccines: X-ray irradiation; fixation with paraformaldehyde for 1 h or 3 months; and purification of the membrane fraction. All four vaccines were effective, but the former two vaccines were the most effective. A mixture of the membrane fraction of untreated tumor cells and UV-inactivated vaccinia virus also had an antitumor effect. These results indicate that vaccine with the complete cell structure is the most effective. The membrane fraction of UV-inactivated vaccinia virus-absorbed tumor cells was also effective. UV-inactivated vaccinia virus can react with not only intact tumor cells but also the purified membrane fraction of tumor cells and augment antitumor activity.
Animals↗
[Status of diabetes in Ethiopia as a contribution to tropical diabetes mellitus].
On the basis of own experiences with the care of diabetes in the northern highland of Ethiopia the particularities of the tropical diabetes mellitus are described. In the light of the control score according to Noviks and co-workers the quality of the metabolic management of 100 patients is estimated as above all unsatisfactory, from which the conclusion is to be deduced more than up to now to include the diabetes mellitus into the health care system of Ethiopia and to improve thoroughly the conditions for the diagnostics, the therapy, education and dispensary care.
Adolescent↗
Detection of glycoproteins as tumor-associated Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen in human gastric cancer cell line, NUGC4.
NUGC4 cells derived from a human gastric cancer gave 6% Hanganutziu-Deicher (HD) antigen-positive cells by flow cytometric analysis using an affinity-purified chicken antibody to N-glycolyneuraminyl-lactosyl-ceramide (HD3 ganglioside). The cells showed no HD antigenic ganglioside by thin-layer chromatography enzyme-immunostaining; however, they were revealed to contain HD antigenic proteins with molecular masses of 150, 100, 90, 70, 65, 60, 47, and 40 kDa, by both immunoblotting after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoprecipitation of [35S]-methionine-labeled proteins, followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Neuraminidase treatment destroyed the antigenicity of all proteins, indicating that these molecules are glycoproteins and have N-glycolyneuraminic acid at the non-reducing terminal of carbohydrate chains as an HD antigenic epitope.
Antigens, Heterophile↗
Coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in autopsied patients in Gondar, Ethiopia.
Autopsy study of 124 Ethiopian patients for atherosclerotic lesions and myocardial infarction revealed aortic lesions in 58 (47%), coronary lesions in 26 (21%) and myocardial infarction in 8 (6.5%) cases. Fatty streaks in the coronary arteries were detected after the age of 19 years. Thereafter the frequency increased gradually with age reaching a peak of 33.3% by the age group of 50-59 years. Fibrous plaque appeared at the age of 40 years and progressed with age reaching a maximum of 44.4% by the age of 60-69 years. Myocardial infarction was the cause of sudden death in two cases. Six of the patients with myocardial infarction had moderate to severe lesions. Calcification with narrowing of the left anterior descending coronary artery was found in a 60-year-old female. The significance of the increasing incidence of CHD in black Africans and particularly in Ethiopians is discussed.
Adolescent↗
Detection of gangliosides as N-glycolylneuraminic acid-specific tumor-associated Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen in human retinoblastoma cells.
Gangliosides were shown to bear the tumor-associated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc)-specific Hanganutziu-Deicher (HD) antigen expressed in human retinoblastoma cells. HD antigenic gangliosides were detected by thin-layer chromatography/enzyme-immunostaining using affinity-purified chicken antibody against GM3 containing NeuGc and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-chicken IgG. One to four species of the antigenic gangliosides were detected from all of 4 cell lines, Y79, WERI-Rb1, TOTL1, and YK, as well as freshly cultured retinoblastoma cells and isolated tumor tissue. All cases contained GM3(NeuGc) as an HD antigen. No HD antigenic ganglioside was detected in normal retinal tissues by the same procedure.
Antigens, Heterophile↗
Prevalence of paralytic poliomyelitis in rural and urban populations in Ethiopia: report of a house-to-house survey.
A house-to-house survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of poliomyelitis. During the survey 37,219 households were visited and 17,941 children 5-9 years old were found. Of 231 lame children, lameness compatible with paralytic poliomyelitis was found in 131, of these 91% had their condition before the age of 3 years. Nineteen percent needed a stick support for walking while 12% were unable to walk even with support. This problem was more common in rural populations. The prevalence of paralytic poliomyelitis was 7.3/1,000 children 5-9 years old.
Cerebral Palsy↗
A house-to-house survey of neonatal tetanus in urban and rural areas in the Gondar region, Ethiopia.
A house-to-house survey of neonatal tetanus was performed in 30 population clusters in Gondar, Northwestern Ethiopia. At the end of the survey 37,219 households were visited and 2010 live births were recalled. Out of the 2010 live-born children 127 had died. Eighty died during the neonatal period. Nine of the neonatal deaths were due to tetanus, giving a neonatal tetanus mortality rate of 4.5/1000 live births. The problem of neonatal tetanus in developing countries, particularly that of Ethiopia, is discussed.
Ethiopia↗