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Biomedical subjects

M W Roberts

Publications and source records attributed to M W Roberts.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of social punishment on noncompliance: a comparison with timeout and positive practice.

The effects of social punishment, positive practice, and timeout on the noncompliant behavior of four mentally retarded children were assessed in a multitreatment withdrawal design. When programmed, the experimental procedure occurred contigent on non-compliance to experimenter-issued commands. Commands were given at 55-sec intervals throughout each experimental session. The results showed (1) lower levels of noncompliance with social punishment than with the positive-practice or timeout conditions, and (2) that relatively few applications of social punishment were required to obtain this effect. The advantages of social punishment over other punishment procedures, considerations to be made before using it, and the various aspects of the procedure that contribute to its effectiveness were discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The New Zealand dental nurse program.

The New Zealand Dental Nurse Program has received increased interest by many public health officials recently. The program was initiated over 50 years ago to provide routine dental care to the country's children from 2 1/2-13 years of age. Participation by parents is completely voluntary, but the fact that more than 60% of the preschool children and 95% of the school children are registered shows its wide acceptance. Although the dental nurse provides dental care with very little direct supervision, statistics show that the program is meeting most of the dental needs of the children. In 1925 there were 78.6 teeth requiring extraction for every 100 teeth that were restored. In 1974 this figure was reduced to 2.5 extractions per 100 restorations.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the carbon dioxide laser on vital human primary pulp tissue.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of the human primary pulp to the carbon dioxide laser and formocresol for vital pulp therapy. METHODS: Fifteen healthy children with intact, caries-and-restoration-free, contralateral primary cuspids with at least two-thirds of the roots remaining who were scheduled for orthodontic extraction were randomly assigned to pulpotomy treatment with a carbon dioxide laser or formocresol. The treated teeth were clinically and radiographically evaluated at 28 and 90 days post-treatment prior to extraction. The extracted teeth were evaluated histologically for pulpal response. RESULTS: All teeth were asymptomatic and clinically normal at both observation periods. Internal root resorption was observed in one formocresol and two laser treated teeth. There was a significant inverse correlation between the laser energy applied to the pulp and the degree of inflammation at 28 days (P = .01) but not at 90 days (P = .27). CONCLUSION: Carbon dioxide laser treatment compared favorably to formocresol for pulpotomy in primary teeth.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A cost analysis of treating pediatric dental patients using general anesthesia versus conscious sedation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study is to report a cost comparison of general anesthesia (GA) versus oral conscious sedation (CS) for the treatment of pediatric dental patients. METHODS: The study sample included 22 children whose parents/guardian selected GA care for their child. Selection criteria limited inclusion to healthy children (ASA I) ages 24-60 m.o. The subjects acted as their own comparison group to an estimation CS model. Models were developed to assess societal costs for treatment under GA and CS. Treatment rendered was equalized using the dental Relative Based Value Units Scale (RBVU). RESULTS: Ordinary Least Squares Regression analysis techniques showed the association of RBVU to the total societal costs of GA and CS to be significant (P < 0.01) with an adjusted R2 of .64 and .78 respectively. When regression lines were plotted, the intersection represented RBVU level at which societal costs of GA and CS were the same. CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this pilot study, it is concluded that CS costs exceed GA costs at a RBVU level of 66.4, which would equate to more than three CS appointments.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
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Management of oral complications associated with cancer therapy in pediatric patients.

Treatment for childhood malignancies has improved markedly in recent years. However, radiation and chemotherapy are often associated with morbidity involving oral tissues. Complications include mucositis, infection, xerostomia, and gingival bleeding. Children often acquire additional long-term sequelae due to potential impairment of growth and development. Management of oral complications has routinely consisted of multi-agent topical mouthrinses; oral and intravenous agents are also prescribed depending on the nature and severity of complications. The efficacy of multi-agent topical regimens is difficult to assess and long-term studies supporting such treatment are not available. Consequently, use of multiagent mouthrinses is declining in favor of 0.12 percent chlorhexidine rinse. In children, appropriate management and prevention of oral complications are essential and require that dental care be integrated with cancer treatment.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro evaluation of fluorescein for testing the permeability of white spots on tooth enamel.

This investigation demonstrates the reliability of fluorescein for detecting the permeability of incipient dental caries (white spots). Artificial white spots were created on the buccal surface of 12 human bicuspids by viscous lactic acid (pH 4). Permeability of these lesions was assessed and reassessed before and after 24 and 48 hr of acid challenge using two disclosants: sodium iodide and sodium fluorescein. Estimates obtained from both disclosants showed that the microvoid volume approximately doubled as the decalcification time doubled. The two disclosants exhibited good intraclass reliability and their scores were correlated (r = 0.69 to r = 0.91). However, only fluorescein disclosed the extent of porous white spot lesions. Thus, fluorescein should be considered when the objective is to detect the location and permeability of incipient lesions.

Bicuspid↗
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Oral manifestations associated with leukocyte adhesion deficiency: a five-year case study.

A five-year case study of a child with leukocyte adhesion deficiency is presented. The report describes the generalized progressive periodontitis and intraoral infections associated with both the primary and permanent dentition. The associated therapeutic challenges and largely unsuccessful treatment regimens utilized in the attempts to arrest the periodontal disease are described.

Bacterial Infections↗
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Cystic fibrosis: a current review.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common severe genetic disorder seen in Caucasians. Defective exocrine gland secretions result in chronic diseases of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. However, the CF gene recently has been located and cloned. Currently, genetic technology allows identification of sibling carriers and antenatal diagnosis within families. Oral implications associated with CF include enamel hypoplasia and tooth discoloration, salivary gland involvement, reduced incidence of dental caries, reservoir for potentially pathogenic respiratory bacteria, mouth breathing, and anterior open bite associated with nasal and sinus obstruction. Continued efforts to improve early diagnosis and treatment of CF should increase life expectancy. Affected patients are expected to seek regular dental care more frequently as they learn to view the disease as manageable.

Cystic Fibrosis↗
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Treatment of ectopically erupting maxillary permanent first molars with a distal extended stainless steel crown.

The exaggerated mesial eruption of the permanent first molar can result in the tooth becoming impacted, or the premature atypical resorption and exfoliation of the primary molar, with a resultant loss of space. A stainless steel crown with a distal guide plane was placed on a primary molar to correct the aberrant eruption angle of the permanent tooth. This procedure can be used successfully for both partially and totally tissue-impacted teeth, and is described in this report.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical management of multiple maxillary anterior supernumerary teeth: report of case.

Supernumerary teeth in the maxillary midline can present both esthetic and pathologic concerns that can be difficult to solve. The frequency with which supernumerary teeth occur justifies an oral radiographic survey for preschool children as early detection is most important, if such complications are to be avoided or minimized. The case presented in this report required both surgical and innovative orthodontic therapy to bring an unerupted, impacted maxillary central incisor into proper alignment. The tooth was moved into the dental arch and injury to the root structure and surrounding oral tissues was avoided by using a combination of conservative surgical and orthodontic therapy.

Child↗