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Biomedical subjects

N M Patton

Publications and source records attributed to N M Patton.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Metabolism of selenite and selenomethionine in the rhesus monkey.

Female rhesus monkeys were fed a commercial monkey diet and given selenium (Se) as either selenite or selenomethionine (SeMet) in the drinking water for 11 mo. Muscle and liver biopsies were taken initially and at the end of the experiment for determination of Se levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. Blood was collected at monthly to bimonthly intervals, and the plasma and erythrocytes were subjected to gel filtration to determine the distribution of Se among proteins of various molecular weights. At the end of the experiment, there was significantly more Se in liver, muscle and hair from the monkeys given SeMet than in tissues from those given selenite, but there were no differences in liver or muscle GPX activity between the two treatment groups. The erythrocyte and plasma Se levels were significantly higher in the monkeys given SeMet than in those receiving selenite, but there were no differences in the GPX levels between these groups. About 68% of erythrocyte Se was associated with GPX in monkeys given selenite whereas only 34% was associated with GPX in those administered SeMet. The correlation coefficient for blood Se level and erythrocyte GPX activity was 0.92 in monkeys given selenite but only 0.37 in those given SeMet. Gel filtration of plasma revealed only one Se peak for plasma from the monkeys given selenite but at least two major Se peaks for plasma from monkeys receiving SeMet. The possible implications of these results for humans are discussed, including the reasons for poor correlations of GPX activity and blood Se levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Prediction and causation of litter market traits from preweaning and weaning characteristics in commercial meat rabbits.

Market data on 1,315 rabbits from 201 litters from Californian (CAL), New Zealand White (NZW), CAL X NZW and NZW X CAL dams bred to CAL, NZW and Flemish Giant sires were subjected to multiple regression and path analyses. Market traits observed in litters at 56 d included average kit weight (A56W), litter size (LS56), total litter weight (L56W) and within-litter uniformity in individual weights (LCV). Preweaning variables as covariates included in the model were dam metabolic body weight (DMW), litter born (LSB), litter birth weight (LBW), milk yield from 1 to 21 d (MY) and feed intake from 1 to 28 d of the dam and litter (FI). Results from multiple regression analyses indicated linear and quadratic effects (P less than .20) due to LSB and MY for all four market characters. The LBW influenced (P less than .05) LS56 and L56W, and FI affected (P less than .05) LS56, L56W and LCV. Separate analyses were conducted involving 28-d weaning and feed intake variables as covariates: litter size weaned (LSW), litter weaning weight (LWW) and litter feed intake from 28 to 56 d (LFI). The three weaning covariates were important (P less than .05) for all market traits except LS56 (LWW was not significant). The most accurate regression equations were obtained from the weaning model for prediction of L56W and LS56 (R2 = .68 and .78). Path analyses revealed that preweaning covariates generally had direct rather than indirect effects on market traits. Both direct and indirect effects of weaning covariates were important for market traits. Results suggest that litter market traits of size and weight can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

Effects of feeding selenium deficient diets to rhesus monkeys (Macaca Mulatta).

Pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were fed either selenium (Se) deficient or Se supplemented diets with adequate vitamin E. Except for some cardiac irregularities in the first babies born to these females, no physiological disorders due to Se deficiency were seen in a subsequent offspring. Plasma and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities and blood Se levels increased in the Se supplemented monkeys but decreased in the deficient ones. The data indicated that hair Se levels reflect long term exposure to this element. In a very preliminary experiment, evidence was obtained to indicate that dietary protein deficiency along with Se deficiency will generate cardiomyopathic lesions characteristic of Se deficiency. It is hypothesized that, in addition to Se deficiency, another dietary deficiency (or abnormality) is necessary to produce Se deficiency lesions in higher primates. Higher glutathione transferase (or non-Se glutathione peroxidase) activity in tissues of rhesus monkeys may account for this resistance.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Isolation of Clostridium spiroforme from rabbits.

The isolation of Clostridium spiroforme from intestinal contents of rabbits was achieved by sampling the supernatant-pellet interphase of centrifuged specimens processed for routine toxin analysis. High-speed centrifugation at 20,000x for 15 minutes provided a rapid and effective means of separating this anaerobic pathogen from the majority of both indigenous and non-indigenous intestinal microbial flora. The unusual helically-coiled, semicircular shape of the microorganism is considered, at least in part, responsible for this phenomenon.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A method for culturing the nasopharyngeal area of rabbits.

A method for obtaining antemortem nasopharyngeal cultures is described. Its usefulness for detecting the carrier state of Pasteurella multocida in clinically normal, apparently healthy nasal-culture-negative rabbits is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Growth and reproductive performance of rabbits on a moderately low crude protein diet with or without methionine or urea supplementation.

The reproductive and growth performances of New Zealand White rabbits on four dietary treatments were compared. The treatments were a 21.5% crude protein (CP) diet control, a 16% CP diet (LP), LP + .3% DL-methionine (LP + met) and LP + 2.1% urea (LP + urea). The CP in the LP diet was derived entirely from alfalfa meal and wheat mill run, with no protein supplement used. Data were collected over five parities. Preweaning and postweaning growth rates and reproductive performance as assessed by litter size, conception rate and litter interval, were comparable for the four treatments. Average daily postweaning gain was about 40 g per d. Litter size at weaning was seven kits per litter. This study indicates that a simple diet of forage and a grain-milling by-product, with no cereal grain or protein supplement, can support normal growth and reproduction of commercial meat rabbits.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Characterization of antigen purified from type 3 strains of Pasteurella multocida and its use for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Surface antigens were purified from a type 3, 4 rabbit isolate of Pasteurella multocida designated as R11146. Two protein peaks were obtained by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 from crude saline extract. Major antigenic activity was detected in the first peak. The first peak was absorbed onto DEAE-cellulose and eluted by a linear gradient of NaCl. Four fractions eluted from the column contained a single antigen which was identical to an antigen purified from another type 3 strain, P-1059. Also, they uniformly contained two protein species of molecular weights of 44,000 and 25,500. Six Pasteurella-free rabbits were infected intranasally with R11146 isolate and antibody response was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the use of an antigen purified from P-1059 strain. Serum samples from the infected rabbits showed ELISA titers at the plateau stage by 21 or 28 days post-inoculation. Highest titers ranged from 1:15,000 to 1:16,000, while all the preinoculation sera had titers lower than 1:10. The high titers generally persisted for longer than 98 days after the infection. These results indicate that ELISA using a purified type 3 antigen is useful to detect P. multocida infection in rabbits by a type 3-related strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Serologic methods for detection of Pasteurella multocida infections in nasal culture negative rabbits.

An agar gel-diffusion test (AGDT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were utilized to detect serum antibodies against Pasteurella multocida in naturally infected rabbits derived originally from a Pasteurella-free colony. The antigen used in both assays was purified from a serotype 3 (P-1059) strain of P. multocida. Among 47 serum samples tested 15 (32%) were seropositive; 12 (26%) of which were both AGDT and ELISA-positive, while 3 (6%) were ELISA-positive only. All rabbits examined were normal clinically and negative to repeated nasal cultures, but subsequent cultures at necropsy demonstrated the presence of P. multocida in 11 of the AGDT-positive rabbits and in 14 of the ELISA-positive rabbits. The organism was isolated most frequently from the naso-oropharynx and the tympanic bullae. Serotyping of isolates recovered from the nasopharynx were determined to be serotype 3 or 3,12. Ten seronegative rabbits also were necropsied and none were found harboring P. multocida. These preliminary data indicate that the application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay may prove efficacious in identifying apparently healthy, consistently nasal culture-negative rabbits as subclinical carriers of P. multocida.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effect of dietary crude protein level on the reproductive performance and growth of New Zealand white rabbits.

An experiment utilizing 391 preweaning and 187 postweaning litter records from 145 does was conducted for 12 mo to determine the effect of dietary crude protein level on performance of commercial New Zealand White rabbits. Does and their litters were fed alfalfa-based pelleted diets containing either 17.5, 19 or 20.5% crude protein (CP). In a separate experiment, the 17.5 and 20.5% CP diets were fed during lactation to 10 does to determine nitrogen (N) digestibility and retention. Body weights of does fed 17.5% CP were lower (P less than .01) than for the other treatments after 21 and 28 d of lactation. No differences (P greater than .10) were observed for doe weight at kindling, percentage fertility, litter size, preweaning litter mortality, 1- to 21-d consumption, preweaning feed efficiency and 28- to 56-d average daily consumption, average daily gain and average weight. Total born tended to be higher (P = .07) on higher protein levels but percentage born alive was greatest (P less than .01) on the 17.5% CP diet. Does fed 19% CP tended to have a greater number of parities (P = .06). Other significant differences observed for preweaning litter traits were between 17.5 and 19% CP groups. Does fed 19% CP had heavier litters at birth (P less than .01), at 21 d (P = .05) and 28 d (P = .06) and had greater 1- to 21-d litter gains and 21- to 28-d consumption (P = .05) than those fed 17.5% CP. For postweaning performance, feed efficiency values were lowest and mortality was highest for litters fed 20.5% CP. When litters were switched to different diets after weaning, mortality tended to be higher (P = .07) for animals that were fed 20.5% CP before weaning. The month of experiment effect did not influence any of the characters studied (P greater than .05). Parity number was important for percentage fertility, percentage born alive, litter birth weight and doe weight at 21 and 28 d (P less than .05). Does at first parity showed the poorest performance for all traits (except percentage fertility). Fertility fluctuated throughout the first four parities and then steadily declined. Does fed 20.5% CP had greater apparent dry matter and acid detergent fiber digestibilities and N intakes (P less than .05) and retained 90% more N during lactation (P = .22) than does fed 17.5% CP. Milk production and CP digestibility did not differ between the two diets tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Doe reproduction and preweaning litter performance of straightbred and crossbred rabbits.

Reproductive characters (N = 430 matings) of four doe genetic groups and preweaning performance of litters (N = 280) were evaluated in a 15-mo study. Doe genetic groups were New Zealand White (NN) and Californian (CC) straightbreds and Californian X New Zealand White (CN) and New Zealand White X Californian (NC) crossbreds. Does and litters were provided either a commercial control or a 74% alfalfa pelleted diet. Sires of litters included NN, CC and Flemish Giant (FG) straightbred bucks. The linear and quadratic regression on age of dam affected (P less than .01) litter birth weight. The NN does were heavier than CC does at first breeding at 154 d and produced heavier litters at birth and weaning (all P less than .01). Percentage survival of kits from birth to weaning and doe and preweaning litter feed intake and efficiency were greater from NN than CC does (all P less than .01). Numbers born and reared/litter to weaning at 28 d were likewise greater for NN vs CC straightbred does. Heterosis estimated from comparing litters of reciprocal crossbred vs straightbred does was significant for number born, litter birth and weaning weights and doe and preweaning litter feed intake. Reciprocal crossbred differences were observed (P less than .05) for doe breeding weight, number born and weaned per litter, litter birth and weaning weights and doe and preweaning litter feed intake, favoring CN does reared by NN straightbred dams over NC does. Diet, in consistent favor of the 74% alfalfa diet, significantly affected all traits studied with the exception of doe longevity, doe fertility percentage, and doe and litter feed efficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Characterization of straightbred and crossbred rabbits for milk production and associative traits.

Two hundred twenty-five lactation and litter performance records from 82 does representing four genetic groups and two diets were analyzed to quantify breed, heterosis, reciprocal F1 cross and diet effects for milk production and associative traits. Doe genetic groups were New Zealand White (NN) and Californian (CC) straightbred and Californian X New Zealand White (CN) and New Zealand White X Californian (NC) reciprocal crossbreds. Pelleted diets fed to does and litters were either a commercial control or a 74% alfalfa diet. Three sire breeds of litters included NN, CC and Flemish Giant (FG) straightbreds. Doe genetic group and diet were important sources of variation (P less than .05) for all traits examined except for litter milk efficiency (litter gain/milk intake) and doe feed efficiency (milk yield/feed intake). The sire breed of litter effect did not influence (P greater than .05) lactational performance of does nor associative preweaning traits. Straightbred NN does were heavier at kindling, yielded more milk, reared a heavier litter by 21 d and were more efficient in converting feed into milk than were straightbred CC does (P less than .01). Significant heterosis was detected for milk production and for litter size and weight at 21 d. Reciprocal differences between crossbred doe groups were observed (P less than .05) for litter milk efficiency and doe feed intake. The 74% alfalfa diet was superior to the commercial control diet for effects on milk production and litter size and weight at 21 d, although doe feed intake was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1983

Breed, heterotic and diet effects on postweaning litter growth and mortality in rabbits.

The effects of sire breed, dam genetic group and diet on postweaning litter growth and mortality were evaluated in 208 litters of rabbits. Sire breeds were New Zealand White (NN), California (CC) and Flemish Giant (FG). Dam genetic groups were NN and CC straightbred and California X New Zealand White (CN) and New Zealand White X Californian (NC) reciprocal crossbreds. Litters were fed either a commercial diet or a 74% alfalfa diet. Litter size and weight at 56 d and litter gain (the difference between 56- and 28-d litter weights) tended to be lower in NN- compared with CC-sired litters; while feed intake was significantly lower and mortality was higher in progeny of NN sires. Litter 56-d weight, litter gain and litter feed efficiency (gain/feed intake) were improved (P less than .05) in litters sired by FG vs NN or CC bucks. Direct heterosis (CN and NC compared with NN and CC litters) for litter size, growth and feed-related traits was generally low (less than 11% in absolute value), while moderate heterosis levels (-21 and -22%) were observed for diarrhea-related and total mortality. Differences between NN and CC straightbred dams for litter size and weight at 56 d and litter gain were small, but in favor of NN dams. Diarrhea-related and total mortality were higher (P less than .05) in litters reared by NN vs CC straightbred dams.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1982

Absorption and excretion of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids and their effects on mineral metabolism in rabbits.

A metabolism study was conducted with rabbits to determine the effect of consumption of 5% dietary Senecio jacobaea (SJ) on tissue mineral levels and mineral excretion. Gastro-intestinal (GIT) absorption of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) from SJ was also studied by monitoring excretion into urine and feces and by the use of ligated gut segments in vitro. Inclusion of SJ into a diet containing added Cu (100 ug/g) and Zn (100 ug/g) caused a 2.6-fold increase in liver Cu concentration (P less than .05), decreased total liver Zn (P less than .05), and increased plasma Fe (P less than .05) when compared with rabbits consuming the same diet without SJ. Fecal and urinary excretion of Cu and Zn were not markedly affected by the addition of Cu, Zn and(or) SJ to rabbit diets. Excretion of PA from SJ in the diet was not affected (P greater than .05) by the addition of Cu and Zn to the diet. The PA elimination was much greater in urine than feces (P less than .001). Isolated PA from SJ were found to be readily transferred across the mucosa of isolated everted sacs of jejunum and ileum in vitro against a concentration gradient. These results suggest that the effects of dietary SJ on alterations in mineral metabolism are not due to changes in GIT mineral elimination. In addition, it appears that the resistance of rabbits to dietary SJ intoxication is not caused by low GIT absorption of PA, but rather by efficient urinary elimination.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Enterotoxemia in rabbits.

The presence of Clostridium perfringens Type E iota toxin was confirmed from the cecal contents of 23 of 46 rabbits which died of enteritis complex. The most consistent lesions observed were hemorrhage and edema in the cecum. Rabbit toxicity tests showed the toxic cecal contents were lethal for young rabbits unless incubated with Clostridium perfringens Type E antiserum.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Effect of alfalfa and dietary fiber on the growth performance of weanling rabbits.

The addition of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% sun-cured alfalfa meal to a high-energy, low-fiber, basal diet for weanling rabbits gave increased average daily gains as compared to gain on the basal diet. Deaths from enteritis complex occurred only at the 0% and 10% alfalfa levels. When 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% alfalfa meal were used, the average daily gains were numerically higher for all alfalfa-fed groups than for the basal diet. Maximum gains were achieved at the 20% alfalfa level. Alfalfa extracted with 95% ethanol retained its growth-stimulating effect when added to the basal diet. Feed preference trials gave conflicting results. In one trial, the basal diet was preferred over all alfalfa diets in a two-choice feed preference test, while in a second trial, all alfalfa diets were preferred over the basal diet. It was concluded that the growth of weaning rabbits fed a high energy diet was improved by the addition of alfalfa meal.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

Myxomatosis in domestic rabbits in Oregon.

An epizootic of myxomatosis involved 26 rabbitries in western Oregon. Major clinical signs were inflammation and edema of the eyelids, conjunctiva, and anogenital area. Mortality ranged from 20 to 50%. On histologic examination, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were readily apparent in the epithelial cells of the conjunctiva. Lymphoid depletion of the spleen was also a common finding.

Animals↗