PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

N Olson

Publications and source records attributed to N Olson.

32 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Endoscopic and videofluoroscopic evaluations of swallowing and aspiration.

A new procedure for evaluating oropharyngeal dysphagia utilizing fiberoptic laryngoscopy was compared to the videofluoroscopy procedure. Twenty-one subjects were given both examinations within a 48-hour period. Results of the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) and videofluoroscopy examinations were compared for presence or absence of abnormal events. Good agreement was found, especially for the finding of aspiration (90% agreement). The FEES was then measured against the videofluoroscopy study for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Sensitivity was 0.88 or greater for three of the four parameters measured. Specificity was lower overall, but was still 0.92 for detection of aspiration. It was concluded that the FEES is a valid and valuable tool for evaluating oropharyngeal dysphagia. Some specific patients and conditions that lend themselves to this procedure are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Analgesic efficacy of two ibuprofen-codeine combinations for the treatment of postepisiotomy and postoperative pain.

Our purpose was to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of single oral doses of the combination of ibuprofen 400 mg plus codeine 60 mg and the combination of ibuprofen 200 mg plus codeine 30 mg with ibuprofen 400 mg alone, codeine sulfate 60 mg alone, and placebo. One hundred ninety-five patients with severe pain resulting from episiotomy, cesarean section, or gynecologic surgery completed a randomized, double-blind, stratified, parallel-group study. Patients were observed during a 4-hour period after medication. Based on the sum of the pain intensity differences (SPID), total pain relief (TOTPAR), and most of the hourly direct measures of pain and relief, both doses of the combination and ibuprofen 400 mg alone were statistically superior to placebo. Codeine 60 mg was statistically superior to placebo based on TOTPAR, the global ratings, and a few hourly measures. The mean effect of the combination of ibuprofen 400 mg plus codeine 60 mg was significantly superior to the mean effect of ibuprofen 400 mg alone 1/2, 1, and 2 hours after medication and to the mean effect of ibuprofen 400 mg alone and codeine 60 mg alone for SPID, TOTPAR, and other measures as well. The low-dose combination was significantly more effective than codeine 60 mg for a few hourly measures but was not significantly superior to ibuprofen 400 mg. Based on these findings it appears that the combination of ibuprofen 400 mg plus codeine 60 mg, particularly in the first few hours after medication, is more efficacious than its constituents.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Comparative study of flurbiprofen, zomepirac sodium, acetaminophen plus codeine, and acetaminophen for the relief of postsurgical dental pain.

The relative analgesic efficacy and safety of single oral doses of 50 and 100 mg of flurbiprofen (Ansaid, Upjohn) were compared with 100 mg of zomepirac sodium, 650 mg of acetaminophen plus 60 mg of codeine, 650 mg of acetaminophen alone, and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. A total of 182 patients entered the study with moderate pain from a third molar extraction and were evaluated for six hours. For many efficacy variables, all active treatments were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) more effective than placebo. The two doses of flurbiprofen gave approximately similar results, suggesting a plateau effect above 50 mg. With the exception of relief at one hour, there were no significant differences between zomepirac and either dose of flurbiprofen. However, the mean response with zomepirac was greater than with either 50 or 100 mg of flurbiprofen during the first four hours and lower during the last two hours. The analgesic effects of acetaminophen alone were not significantly different from acetaminophen in combination with codeine. At the first hour, acetaminophen plus codeine led to significantly better pain relief than did 100 mg of flurbiprofen. After the first hour, flurbiprofen resulted in greater mean scores than acetaminophen alone or acetaminophen plus codeine, and these differences were significant at the fifth and sixth hours. Five patients had adverse reactions while receiving acetaminophen, acetaminophen plus codeine, or placebo. There were no adverse effects with flurbiprofen or zomepirac.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1986

The correlation between blood levels of ibuprofen and clinical analgesic response.

A clinical trial comparing ibuprofen, 400, 600, and 800 mg, with aluminum ibuprofen, 400 mg, and placebo was conducted in patients with moderate or severe pain subsequent to third molar extraction. Pain intensity ratings and ibuprofen serum levels were obtained at baseline, 30 minutes, 1 hour, and hourly thereafter for 3 hours. Pain intensity ratings were also obtained at hours 4, 5, and 6. Serum levels at 1, 2, and 3 hours correlated significantly with the log dose of ibuprofen (r = 0.35, 0.49, and 0.48, respectively) and with global analgesic response as measured by the percentage of the sum of the pain intensity scores (r = 0.28, 0.34, and 0.26, respectively). However, possibly because of differences in drug formulation, the percentage of the sum of the pain intensity scores did not correlate significantly with log dose. The highest correlations were found between contemporaneous serum levels and pain intensity difference values, particularly at hour 1 (r = 0.54). Our results support the proposition that increased ibuprofen serum levels lead to increased analgesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Effect of caffeine on acetaminophen analgesia.

Our objective was to determine the value of caffeine in combination with acetaminophen in the relief of pain from uterine cramping, episiotomy, and third molar extraction. In the dental study, 173 patients received two or four tablets of 500 mg acetaminophen or the combination of 500 mg acetaminophen and 65 mg caffeine. In the three postpartum studies, 1345 patients received one, two, or three tablets of acetaminophen, the combination, or a placebo. The mean scores for the summary variable percent sum of the pain intensity differences (% SPID) were higher in all for the combination than for acetaminophen alone, and in two studies the null hypothesis of no differences was rejected. The relative potency estimates for % SPID were 1.9, 1.8, and 1.3 for the three studies in which bioassays could be performed and the pooled relative potency was 1.7 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.1 to 3.1. The results were essentially the same among pain models and among patient groups with similar habitual caffeine consumption. Onset of analgesia was also faster with the combination. We conclude that caffeine enhances the analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1980

The stereoscanning electron microscopy and ultrastructural histochemistry of the avian and reptilian surfactant systems: Indian dove, desert spiny and Taiwan golden skink lizards.

Lung tissues from the Indian dove, Scardafella inca, desert spiny lizard, Sceloporus magister, and the Taiwan golden skink lizard, Mabuya aurates, were studied by transmission electron microscopy utilizing ruthenium red as a carbohydrate stain and with the so-called lipid-carbohydrate retention procedures to elucidate the morphology of the surfactant systems. Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopic procedures were utilized for a comparative anatomical study of these three species, and the results were compared with the rat and frog in the companion article. The avian lung tissues demonstrated several perculiarities. The ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchus had cytoplasmic ciliated projections between the boundaries of mucus secreting cells. The discrete morphology of the main bronchus, secondary bronchi, parabronchi, and the air capillaries, and their three-dimensional morphologic perspective were elucidated. The skink illustrated an arrangement of primary, secondary, and tertiary septa, with elaborate tertiary septal pits, similar to the amphibian. All septa contained a solid connective tissue core. The desert lizard was similar to the skink except the tertiary septal pits were rudimentary. All three species had a modified great alveolar pneumocyte and a laminated surfactant which included a carbohydrate matrix material between layered phospholipid-based membranes. The ruthenium red additionally stained the homogeneous surface-lining material. A comparative analysis of the surfactant systems of these three species with each other, and with the rodent and amphibian in the companion article, were discussed in terms of phylogenetic origin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microencapsulated enzyme systems for the acceleration of cheese ripening.

Enzymes and substrates encapsulated in either milkfat-coated microcapsules or liposomes have been investigated for potential use as agents to accelerate cheese ripening. Milkfat-coated microcapsules have been used to efficiently encapsulate cell-free extracts, viable cells, purified enzymes, and spores. Encapsulation efficiency was dependent on the conditions used during capsule production. Addition of these microcapsules to cheese has resulted in increased levels of flavour compounds such as diacetyl, acetoin, methanethiol, and methyl ketones, compared to levels in control cheeses. Limitations due to cofactors have been overcome by co-encapsulating enzymes which recycle needed cofactors. Liposomes have been used to carry cell-free extracts and enzymes into cheese. Trials with different types of liposomes revealed that enzymes could be entrapped more efficiently and liposomes retained in the cheese curd better when multilammelar vesicles rather than small unilamellar vesicles or reverse phase evaporation vesicles were used. The stability of liposome preparations was found to be adversely affected by increased pH, temperature, and sodium chloride concentrations, as well as by negative surface charge. Encapsulation efficiency was found to increase by using a dehydration-rehydration procedure for liposome preparation. Temperature sensitive liposomes were investigates as a means of obtaining controlled release of the enzymes into the cheese.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of an adsorption enzyme immunoassay to evaluate the Haemophilus ducreyi specific and cross-reactive humoral immune response of humans.

Serodiagnosis of chancroid is limited by the cross-reactivity of Haemophilus ducreyi with Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. This research describes an adsorption enzyme immunoassay (EIA) that assesses the humoral immune response of North Americans and Africans to H. ducreyi. Adsorption effectively removed anti-H. influenzae and anti-H. parainfluenzae antibodies, revealing that North American control sera had no residual anti-H. ducreyi reactivity. However, African control sera still had a residual anti-H. ducreyi response. Assessment of the duration of the humoral immune response in sera from African patients with chancroid showed that the humoral antibodies persisted for up to 8 months after the diagnosis. This may explain the lack of specificity of the adsorption EIA in areas where chancroid is endemic. The detection of the humoral immune response was affected by the strain of H. ducreyi used, with indigent strains being most useful. Using H. ducreyi 35000 for Canadian sera, the sensitivity of the adsorption EIA was 100% and the specificity was 88%. For African sera, H. ducreyi strain R018 was used, and the adsorption EIA had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of only 23%. These data reveal that the existing humoral response in a country where chancroid is endemic differs from that in a country where it is not, and that care must be used interpreting unadsorbed humoral immune responses. The adsorption EIA approach may prove useful as an epidemiologic tool for definition of existing (past and present) levels of exposure to H. ducreyi.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endoscopic "salvage" cytology in neoplasms metastatic to the upper gastrointestional tract.

Endoscopic "salvage" cytology was the only successful nonoperative diagnostic method in two patients with malignancy metastatic to the upper gastrointestinal tract. Smears and cell blocks of centrifuged material aspirated from the endoscope channel provided diagnoses of malignancies when other diagnostic techniques had been nonproductive. The results in these cases support the general utility of this technique and indicate its successful application in this specific clinical setting.

Aged↗