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Biomedical subjects

N W Preston

Publications and source records attributed to N W Preston.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Mouse or man? Which are pertussis vaccines to protect?

Type 1 strains of Bordetella pertussis can infect mouse brain and have been recovered as type 1 organisms after death. When introduced into the naso-pharynx of the marmoset, they immediately acquired agglutinogen 2 or 3, and the resulting type 1,2 or 1,3 infection persisted for many weeks. As in the child, agglutinogens 2 and/or 3 appear to be essential for infection of the marmoset, whereas they are quite unnecessary in mouse brain. A vaccine (extract or whole cell) containing agglutinogen 1 may be sufficient to pass the mouse protection test but it may fail to immunize children. The mouse test is inadequate even for the screening of such extracts.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Prevalent serotypes of Bordetella pertussis in non-vaccinated communities.

In many countries, the prevalent serotypes of Bordetella pertussis have changed from a mixture of types 1,2,3 and 1,2 (organisms possessing antigen 2) to a predominance of type 1,3. The timing of the change in different countries is shown to be related to the introduction of mass-vaccination with material rich in antigens 1 and 2 but weak in, or devoid of, antigen 3. In several parts of the world, there have been outbreaks of type 1,3 infection in fully vaccinated children. Non-vaccinated communities in various parts of the world still show the pattern of serotypes which existed elsewhere before mass-vaccination. In order to avoid the disappointments experienced in the past, it is essential that pertussis vaccine for use in previously non-vaccinated communities, like that for any other country, should be rich in each of the three antigens.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1975

Type-specific action of vibriocidal antibody on Vibrio cholerae.

The vibriocidal activity of Inaba and Ogawa antisera, from which cross-reacting agglutinin had been absorbed, was specific for Vibrio cholerae strains of the homologous serotype. No vibriocidal action against strains of the heterologous type was detected. The sera appeared to be equally effective in killing organisms of different biotypes (classical, intermediate, and EITor), provided that these were of the homologous serotype (Inaba or Ogawa). However, they had been raised against strains of the classical biotype only; and sera resulting from immunization with other biotypes had not been prepared. The implications of these findings in immunity to cholera are discussed.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1974

Experimental pertussis infection in the marmoset: type specificity of active immunity.

ALTHOUGH WE HAVE FAILED TO PRODUCE EITHER PAROXYSMAL COUGH OR VOMITING IN RHESUS MONKEYS, CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS AND MARMOSETS, WE HAVE FOUND IN MARMOSETS SEVERAL FEATURES OF PERTUSSIS INFECTION SIMILAR TO THOSE SEEN IN CHILDREN WITH WHOOPING COUGH: catarrh, persistence of colonization of the naso-pharynx with Bordetella pertussis for 4-11 weeks, change of serotype during colonization and inability of type 1 organisms to establish themselves as the predominant serotype.As in children, we have found that intramuscular vaccine of type 1,2,3 was more effective than type 1,2 in preventing persistent infection with the currently prevalent serotypes 1,2,3 and 1,3. A mixed vaccine (1,2,3 and 1,3) seemed to produce agglutinin 3 in the serum more consistently than a pure type 1,2,3 vaccine. The duration of colonization, after naso-pharyngeal challenge, was greatly reduced in animals with agglutinin 3.Local immunity, resulting from previous infection, was even more effective than a good vaccine in preventing subsequent persistent colonization. Marmosets may be useful in studying the possible development of aerosol pertussis vaccine for human use.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1974

Pertussis agglutinins in vaccinated children: better response with adjuvant.

Children were immunized with a single batch of pertussis vaccine, either adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide or plain. With a primary course of three injections, adsorbed vaccine produced higher titres of pertussis agglutinins in the serum than did plain vaccine. There was no obvious difference in response between those who received the three doses at intervals of 1-2 months, starting at 3-4 months of age, and those in whom the third dose was delayed until about 6 months after the second, but the number of children in each group was small.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗
PubMed1974

Variation of serotype in strains of Bordetella pertussis.

The four main serotypes of Bordetella pertussis (1, 2, 3; 1, 2; 1, 3; 1) undergo spontaneous variation involving loss or gain of antigen 2 or antigen 3. By serial subculture from single colonies on charcoal-blood-agar medium, we have detected loss-mutations from type 1, 2, 3 to 1, 2 or 1, 3, and from type 1, 2 to type 1. Likewise we have found gain-mutations from type 1 to 1, 2 or 1, 3, and from 1, 2 to 1, 2, 3.These mutations apparently occur with a high frequency in some strains. Other strains have a lower mutation-rate and are more stable antigenically. We have not detected, by this method, either gain- or loss-mutations from the type 1, 3 strains that we have tested.These findings offer an explanation for the changes in serotype that occur during the course of a pertussis infection in the child and in the marmoset. They also constitute a warning on the possible antigenic instability of laboratory strains, especially relevant in the production, absorption and testing of diagnostic antisera and in the preparation of pertussis vaccine.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1973

Identification of Vibrio cholerae by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography.

Cholera-like vibrios examined by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography could be distinguished from other common aerobic gram-negative bacilli, including oxidase-positive organisms, e.g., Aeromonas. Vibrios in Heiberg group I were subdivided into three types on the basis of differences in one complex in the chromatogram, and these closely corresponded with the identification as classical, El Tor, or "intermediate" biotypes of Vibrio cholerae by conventional methods.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1972

Efficacy of pertussis vaccines: a brighter horizon.

A study of pertussis infections in 186 children under 11 years of age in the Manchester region during 1969-71 suggests that recently-manufactured vaccines have been more effective than those made before 1967. The earlier vaccines were effective mainly against the serotypes of Bordetella pertussis possessing antigen 2, while those made from 1967 are more nearly equal in their effectiveness against thedi fferent serotypes. A booster dose of the earlier vaccines did not prevent infection with type 1,3 organisms, but we obtained a positive culture from only one child who had received four doses of recent vaccine.Simultaneous infection of a child with two or more serotypes was frequently seen. The predominant serotype in a patient was usually type 1,3; less often it was type 1,2,3 or type 1,2; it was never type 1. A change of serotype sometimes occurs during the course of the illness and is probably directed by the vaccination status of the patient in relation to the serotype of the initial infection.Our findings emphasize the need for vaccines to contain adequate amounts of all three pertussis agglutinogens, and for satisfactory immunization schedules to be used in their administration.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1971

Agglutinin response to pertussis vaccination in the child.

Children were immunized with plain pertussis vaccine made by three manufacturers in 1967. After a primary course of three injections at monthly intervals, starting at 3-4 months of age, the agglutinin response was poor. Even after a "booster" dose, given five months later, not all of the vaccines had stimulated a response to all three pertussis agglutinogens. A further investigation with current vaccines of different kinds administered according to more than one schedule is recommended.

Animals↗