Biomedical subjects
P H Wright
Publications and source records attributed to P H Wright.
Measuring codependents' close relationships: a preliminary study.
A survey of clinical literature and input from addiction counselors yielded eight commonly assumed characteristics of codependents' relationships. These were defined in a manner amenable to measurement by the Acquaintance Description Form (Wright, 1985), and added to the standard form to provide a codependent version (ADF-C2). Forty-one women and 19 men awaiting or beginning codependent counseling responded to the ADF-C2, and to Friel's Codependency Assessment Inventory and forms soliciting background information. Thirty-nine women and 30 men from the general population provided a comparison group. Although tentative, results were encouraging concerning progress toward measuring codependents' relationships. Broad profiles for both women and men supported the foundational observation that codependents maintain strong commitments to their partners notwithstanding stress and unrewardingness. Specifically, codependent women showed five expected characteristics: Control, Exaggerated Responsibility, Worth Dependency, Rescue Orientation, and Change Orientation. Codependent men showed two: Control and Exaggerated Responsibility.
Biomechanics of Ender rods, compression screw, and Zickel nail in the fixation of stable subtrochanteric femur osteotomies.
Compression screws, Ender rods, and Zickel nails were evaluated mechanically to determine their resulting stability in the fixation of experimental subtrochanteric femur osteotomies. Twenty-five pairs of human cadaver femurs were used. Experimental osteotomies were created and a random member of each pair was fixed with a compression screw (AMBI system, Richards Mfg. Co). The other member was fixed with either Ender rods or a Zickel nail. The specimens were oriented in a direction to approximate the in vivo position of maximum resultant force on the femur and then subjected to a single progressive load to failure on a materials testing machine. The ultimate strength of fixation with the compression screw was approximately 4.6 times greater than with the Ender rods and 1.8 times greater than that with the Zickel nail. Ender rods and Zickel nails failed primarily in external rotation, whereas the compression screw failed by bone fracturing and varus bending.
A comparison of the effects of streptozotocin, N-methylnitrosourea and alloxan on isolated islets of Langerhans.
Isolated normal rat islets were pre-incubated with Streptozotocin (STZ), N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) or alloxan for 5, 10, 30 or 60 minutes at 0 degree C or 37 degrees C, and then were washed and incubated at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes with glucose (16.7 mM). Suppression of the insulinotropic response to glucose during incubation required 10 minutes of pre-incubation with the nitrosoureas whose effects were directly related to concentration and were temperature dependent. The suppressive effects of both nitrosoureas could be reduced or abolished by simultaneous addition to the pre-incubation media of nicotinamide, 2-deoxyglucose or 3-0-methyl-glucose, but were unaffected by reduced glutathione, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine or mannoheptulose. Unlike the nitrosoureas, alloxan was B-cytotoxic at 0 degree C. The effect of alloxan at 0 degree C was blocked by glutathione but not by glucose. The evidence in this study is inconsistent with the concept that the glucose moiety of STZ promotes entry and action of this nitrosourea in pancreatic islet cells. Secondly, it shows that the immediate B-cytotoxic action of alloxan differ from that of STZ or MNU and is not abolished by decrease in temperature.
Risk of AIDS to health care workers.
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Inhibition by ether of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated pieces of rat pancreas.
Addition of glucose (16.7 mM) to isolated pieces of rat pancreas increased insulin secretion 5.4-fold over basal secretion rates. Ether at 1, 1.5 and 2 MAC inhibited this insulinogenic effect of glucose in a dose-related manner by 5, 18 (P less than 0.01) and 29 (P less than 0.01) per cent, respectively.
The effect of somatostatin on glucose stimulated adenosine 3'-5',monophosphate accumulation and glucose oxidation by isolated rat islets of Langerhans.
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Osteocyte lacunar area in normal bone, hyperparathyroidism, renal disease, and osteoporosis.
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Respiratory changes encountered in disease.
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Effects of fasting on insulin and glucagon secretion by isolated rat islets of Langerhans.
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Studies on glucagon secretion using isolated islets of Langerhans of the rat.
Glucagon secretion and its control have been studied in perifused isolated islets of Langerhans of the rat. It was shown that a low concentration of glucose per se does not cause increased glucagon secretion, but that at low glucose concentrations the amino acid arginine stimulates a biphasic secretory response. Such amino acid stimulated glucagon secretion can be suppressed by increasing the glucose content of the perifused media from 1.67 to 5.5 or 16.7 mM; insulin secretion is also then increased. Since high concentrations of added porcine insulin (10 mU/ml) did not affect amino acid stimulated glucagon secretion at low glucose concentration, it was concluded that high concentrations of glucose and not insulin secreted in response to that glucose are probably responsible for suppression of glucagon secretion. At low concentrations of glucose, epinephrine (2.5 X 10(-7) M) also stimulated glucagon secretion. It is concluded that isolated rat islets of Langerhans can be used for the study of glucagon secretion in vitro, and that substances appearing in the blood in vivo at low glucose concentrations are probably responsible for increased glucagon secretion under conditions associated with hypoglycemia.
Self-disclosure in friendship.
An experimental investigation of the influence of self-disclosure on friendship was conducted by manipulating the level of self-disclosure. 65 same-sex pairs were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions, intimate self-disclosure, nonintimate self-disclosure and control (no disclosure); the treatment conditions were independently verified by judges' ratings. One member of each pair was randomly selected as the confederate or first speaker and was provided with a list of 7 conversation topics. There were no lists provided in the control condition. The dependent variable, level of friendship as measured by the Acquaintance Description Form (Wright, 1969), was rated before and after Ss engaged in self-disclosure, and the influence of the experimental conditions on friendship scores was assessed by analyses of covariance. The results showed that the general level of friendship increased as a function of intimate and nonintimate self-disclosure; however, intimate disclosure produced greater increases in friendship than nonintimate disclosure. The unique influence of self-disclosure on male friendship patterns is discussed.
Plasma volumes and entrapment of plasma in tissues of normal and insulin-immunized guinea pigs.
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Pancreatic lesions induced in rabbits and guinea-pigs with pancreatic antigens.
Rabbits and guinea-pigs were immunized with various pancreatic antigens in Freund's adjuvant. Rabbits received unfractionated bovine insulin and the "A" component and "single peak" insulin separated from it by gel-filtration. All produced antibodies capable of reacting with porcine insulin but none were found to have pancreatic lesions when killed up to 6 weeks after initial injection. Guinea-pigs immunized with bovine "A" component developed pancreatic peri-ductulitis which appeared most frequently (10/20) in animals killed 30 days after a single injection and less frequently in animals killed after 60 (4/10) and 90(1/10) days. Similar lesions were found in only a small proportion of control animals (2/23) or of guinea-pigs immunized with single peak bovine insulin (3/22). Guinea-pigs immunized with homogenates of homologous and heterologous islets of Langerhans developed signs of peri-ductulitis in a high proportion of animals killed up to about 60 days after first injection (18/26). None of these animals exhibited clearly defined signs of diabetes mellitus and the incidence of induced lesions could not be correlated with levels of circulating insulin-binding antibodies.
Letter: Oxygen therapy for pneumatosis coli.
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Glucocorticoids and the fate of exogenous insulin in insulin-immunized guinea pigs.
Groups of normal rats and of normal and insulin-immunized guinea pigs were injected intravasculary with mixtures of radio-iodinated and unlabelled porcine insulins. No differences could be discerned between the fates of radio-iodinated and unlabelled insulins in normal or immune guinea pigs except with respect to the kidneys of normal animals, which seemed to accumlate TCA-precipitable radioactive substances devoid of immunoreactivity. The abnormally slow disappearance of insulin from the plasma and its persistent accumulation in the livers and spleens of immune guinea pigs were not affected by prior treatment for three days with large daily doses (ca 20 mg/kg body wt.) of hydrocortisone acetate.
Hormonal control of ketogenesis. Rapid activation of hepatic ketogenic capacity in fed rats by anti-insulin serum and glucagon.
The enhanced capacity for long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis that develops in the rat liver between 6 and 9 h after the onset of starvation was shown to be inducible much more rapidly by administration of anti-insulin serum or glucagon to fed rats. After only 1 h of treatment with either agent, the liver had clearly switched from a "nonketogenic" to a "ketogenic" profile, as determined by rates of acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate production on perfusion with oleic acid. As was the case after starvation, the administration of insulin antibodies or glucagon resulted in depletion of hepatic glycogen stores and a proportional increase in the ability of the liver to oxidize long-chain fatty acids and (-)-octanoylcarnitine, suggesting that all three treatment schedules activated the carnitine acyltransferase system of enzymes. In contrast to anti-insulin serum, which produced marked elevations in plasma glucose, free fatty acid, and ketone body concentrations, glucagon treatment had little effect on any of these parameters, presumably due to enhanced insulin secretion after the initial stimulation of glycogenolysis. Thus, after treatment with glucagon alone, it was possible to obtain a "ketogenic" liver from a nonketotic animal. The results are consistent with the possibility that the activity of carnitine acyltransferase, and thus ketogenic capacity, is subject to bihormonal control through the relative blood concentrations of insulin and glucagon, as also appears to be the case with hepatic carbohydrate metabolism.
Distribution of injected insulin and insulin-antibody complexes in normal and insulin-immunized animals.
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