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Biomedical subjects

P V Trad

Publications and source records attributed to P V Trad.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

The phenomenon of previewing and its contribution to the emerging sense of self.

Based on stringent measures of the infant's social interactions, Stern has postulated a four-step process of self-development. These internal factors contribute to the infant's emerging sense of the self as an entity separate and apart from others. There are, however, also significant external factors that contribute to the evolution of the self. The phenomenon of previewing provides infant with a means by which they develop, with the aid of an adaptive caregiver, their own abilities to achieve a sense of coherence and competence. The previewing process, combined with Stern's internal factors, provides a comprehensive theoretical basis for exploring how infants achieve selfhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Mental health of adolescent mothers.

OBJECTIVE: To propose an assessment and intervention model for adolescent mothers that evaluates the influence of physical, cognitive, affective, and interpersonal development on such areas of psychological dysfunction as unprotected sexual activity, substance abuse, and psychopathology. METHOD: More than 100 studies were reviewed to identify correlations between discrete developmental events and evidence of psychological dysfunction in adolescent mothers. RESULTS: The adolescent's nascent developmental skill in one domain of functioning (e.g., cognitive) frequently exerts a synergistic effect on other areas of functioning (e.g., affective). This synergy increases the likelihood of psychological dysfunction. In turn, psychological dysfunction affects the emerging relationship between the adolescent mother and her infant. CONCLUSION: The interaction between the nascent developmental status of the adolescent caregiver and her psychosocial environment enhances the probability of a maladaptive exchange between mother and infant. A model designed to overcome the adolescent's developmental limitations and promote adaptive interaction with the infant may avert dyadic interpersonal failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Using maternal representational patterns to evaluate postpartum depression.

This paper has reviewed postpartum depression through the use of a case history. As exemplified by the case, a key factor contributing to the onset of postpartum depression appears to be the caregiver's representations of her own experience with caregivers. In general, mothers whose representations of their childhood experience are positive appear psychologically equipped to transfer these emotions to the infant and to assume caregiving tasks with enthusiasm. In contrast, mothers whose representations of their caregiving experience are negative are apathetic about engaging the infant in interaction and hesitant about accepting the maternal role. While several etiologic factors have been linked to postpartum depression, representational deficits may provide a more comprehensive explanation of the origins of the disorder because such deficits encompass not only the mother's capacities, but also influence the interactional patterns mother exhibits with the infant. The case history describes a mother who represented a conflicted relationship with her own caregiver. Initially, her representations of her own mother were vague and unclear. Through inquiry, however, she gained access to her own experience--or, at least, to her representation of it--and began to understand how her own memories had negatively affected her ability to interact adaptively with her infant son. Treatment focused on three areas: Overcoming the mother's depressed affect; providing behavioral support for the infant's developmental efforts; and, re-invigorating the dyadic relationship. To accomplish these goals, the mother was taught observation techniques and intuitive behaviors. These techniques enabled her to view the infant in an objective fashion, devoid of distorted representations from her own childhood that reflected her attitude toward her caregiver. Helping the mother attain this new perspective enabled her to generate more adaptive representations, to acknowledge infant development more positively, and to initiate an adaptive dyadic exchange.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Developmental previewing: enhancing the adolescent's predictions of behavioral consequences.

The adolescent years are a time of significant biopsychosocial change. Adolescents develop a variety of cognitive skills that enable them to evaluate future consequences, weigh alternatives, and select behaviors. If these cognitive skills have not matured fully, however, the female adolescent may be predisposed to enact risk-taking behaviors, such as becoming pregnant. An intervention technique that encourage adolescents to predict the consequences of their actions may therefore be beneficial. One such technique, labeled previewing, promotes the cognitive skills necessary for averting future unplanned pregnancies and, in the event the adolescent has become a mother, for establishing a more adaptive relationship with the infant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The association between early life mental representations and suicidal behavior.

The escalation of self-destructive acts among all age groups has motivated researchers to identify the factors that may contribute to suicidal behavior. Suicide has been attributed to numerous etiologic factors, including the presence of psychopathology (e.g., affective disorders), neuroendocrine dysregulation and genetic tendencies. Nevertheless, investigations have not identified the precise mechanism(s) by which self-destructive proclivities are generated. This paper proposes a developmental psychopathology model based on early life mental representations that would enable clinicians to chart an individual's susceptibility to suicide and to better anticipate when suicidal behavior could become activated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Mother-infant psychotherapy: integrating techniques of group, family, and individual therapy.

Mother-infant psychotherapy groups have become an increasingly popular modality for promoting adaptive change in the dyadic relationship before dysfunctional patterns become entrenched. One unique feature of this form of therapy is that it juxtaposes several different treatment modalities. In particular, because each mother-infant dyad functions as a self-contained unit, the techniques of family therapy--including the resolution of enmeshment and triangulation--may be applied. Similarly, because the mothers of infants often interact as peers, the techniques of group therapy--including cohesion and universality--become pertinent. The overlap of these modalities contributes to effective diagnostic and therapeutic management. This article discusses how different treatment modalities--and the shifts between these modalities--may guide the course of therapy. In addition, techniques for predicting such shifts are discussed. The therapist's skill in adjusting to shifts from modality to modality enhances the effectiveness of the therapeutic intervention.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Developmental vicissitudes that promote drug abuse in adolescents.

Adolescence is a time of significant developmental transformation during which the teenager may be susceptible to experimental behaviors such as illicit drug use. This risk-taking proclivity may arise because the adolescent is just beginning to consolidate the skills of formal operations thought, including abilities to predict behavioral outcomes, weight options, select alternatives, and adopt the perspective of others. Lacking these skills, teenagers may have difficulty adjusting to pubertal status and family conflict. One technique for overcoming this cognitive deficit is previewing, which focuses the teenager on imminent outcomes. A case history concerning a teenager abusing marijuana illustrates how previewing may help overcome maladaptive patterns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Reliability of the KIDIES for diagnosing pervasive developmental disorder in children.

The Kiddie-Infant Descriptive Instrument for Emotional States (KIDIES), a new instrument that uses affective and behavioral dimensions for categorization, was compared with DSM-III-R criteria to assess diagnostic reliability in childhood pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Forty-two children with PDD and other developmental disorders were evaluated. Their diagnoses were based on DSM-III-R criteria. Subjects were videotaped during interviews with three different partners and rated using the KIDIES. Cluster analysis of KIDIES ratings revealed a significant correlation with DSM-III-R diagnostic categories, demonstrating the potential reliability of the KIDIES dimensional approach for diagnosing PDD in preschoolers.

Child Development Disorders, Pervasive↗
PubMed1994

A developmental model for risk avoidance in adolescents confronting AIDS.

Epidemiologic studies indicate that HIV infection is on the rise within the adolescent population. Much of this increase has been attributed to the teenager's developmental proclivity for risk-taking behavior. Intervention programs designed to curtail high-risk behaviour among adolescents have focused primarily on educational methods alerting teenagers to modes of disease transmission. Among these programs, demonstration and role-playing techniques have shown promise, but have not significantly modified behavior patterns. In contrast, a new developmental technique known as previewing advocates the use of representation and enactment to promote risk deterrence. Previewing may serve as a productive alternative to traditional interventions, since it directly addresses the adolescent's cognitive limitations with regard to the prediction of behavioral outcomes. This paper recommends a prevention model using previewing that is designed to lower the incidence of AIDS transmission among adolescents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Previewing: a developmental principle that promotes the therapeutic use of metaphor.

When one is treating mother-infant dyads psychotherapeutically, the infant's inchoate language skills render the traditional use of metaphor ineffective. This paper discusses how a developmental principle, labeled previewing, may function like a metaphor and be used to address the therapeutic needs of the dyad. Previewing and metaphor also may complement each other in the treatment of adults in individual therapy. Previewing--like metaphors--may provide a means of addressing interpersonal issues, may function as a shared language that promotes intersubjectivity, and may help the patient deal with conflict in a non-threatening manner that may circumvent defensive operations.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Assessing the relationship between affective responsivity and social interaction in children with pervasive developmental disorder.

An investigation of children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) was conducted using a new instrument, the Kiddie-Infant Descriptive Instrument for Emotional States (KIDIES). The KIDIES rates several affective and behavioral dimensions based on facial, vocal, gestural, and postural cues. The study's goals were to determine whether the KIDIES could detect individual differences in responsivity among the PDD subjects; to ascertain the KIDIES' sensitivity in identifying group differences between PDD subjects and control children with other developmental disorders. Children were videotaped during episodes with three partners: the mother, a familiar female teacher, an unfamiliar male doctor. Episodes were scored using the KIDIES. PDD subjects were most severely impaired during the Mother episode in comparison to the controls. Equally as striking was the within-episode heterogeneity among PDD subjects. During the Teacher episode, PDD subjects were twice as variable in interpersonal response as the controls.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1993

Adolescent pregnancy: an intervention challenge.

Even in the best of circumstances, pregnancy is a time of emotional upheaval. This is especially true for pregnant adolescents who are also attempting to adjust to pubertal status and to establish an identity independent from their family. Although research has focused on the etiology of teenage pregnancy, relatively few interventions consider the developmental obstacles encountered when treating pregnant teenagers. In particular, adolescents are cognitively unprepared to predict long-term outcomes, a skill essential for confronting the challenges of pregnancy. One new intervention, known as previewing, seeks to overcome this deficit. Previewing encourages expectant teenage mothers to represent future scenarios with the infant as a means of predicting and rehearsing adaptive outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Previewing and the therapeutic use of metaphor.

This paper proposes a new technique for diagnosing and treating conflict in adult patients. Referred to as previewing, the technique is grounded in the developmental progression from somatic modes of representation to symbolic modes of representation. During early life, infants experience the world primarily through sensory phenomena. Later in childhood, however, symbolic modes of representation become pre-eminent. The manner in which an individual represents conflict reflects this developmental progression. For example, if the patient manifests a psychosomatic symptom, it is likely that the conflict has been represented on a physical level and thus emerges in somatic form; if the conflict is expressed as a metaphor, however, it has probably been represented on a cognitive level and thus emerges as a symbol. Previewing, a technique derived from early life interaction between mother and infant, incorporates both the somatic and symbolic components of psychological disorganization and may therefore be of benefit in psychotherapy.

Cognition↗