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Biomedical subjects

R Bond

Publications and source records attributed to R Bond.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Intradermal test reactivity to Malassezia pachydermatis in healthy basset hounds and basset hounds with Malassezia dermatitis.

Nineteen healthy beagles, eight healthy basset hounds and 17 basset hounds with Malassezia dermatitis were tested intradermally with two extracts of M pachydermatis. One healthy beagle and two affected basset hounds showed wheal and flare reactions 15 minutes after the injection. Delayed reactions, consisting of erythematous macules and plaques, were commonly observed 24 hours after the injection in both the healthy and affected basset hounds, but occurred infrequently in the beagles. At 24 hours the diameters of the lesions in the healthy and affected basset hounds were significantly (P<0.01) greater than those in the healthy beagles, but the diameters in the healthy and affected basset hounds did not vary significantly. Delayed reactions in six of the basset hounds with Malassezia dermatitis were characterised histologically by superficial perivascular and periadnexal infiltrates of neutrophils and lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Coronary band dystrophy in two horses.

Two mature large-breed horses with coronary band dystrophy and chorioptic mange are described. They both had clinical signs of coronary band scaling and crusting but were not lame. Coronary band dystrophy can be differentiated from similar clinical conditions on the basis of the histological appearance of skin biopsy specimens, and by the exclusion of other possible disease processes. Its aetiology is uncertain, but probably involves a localised defect of keratinisation affecting the specialised epithelium of the coronary band.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Immunoglobulin G responses to Malassezia pachydermatis in healthy dogs and dogs with Malassezia dermatitis.

Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses of healthy dogs and dogs with Malasseziapachydermatis dermatitis were compared by Western immunoblotting. M pachydermatis CBS 1879 was disrupted mechanically and its proteins were separated and blotted on to nitrocellulose membranes before being incubated with sera from eight healthy beagles, eight Irish setters with gluten-sensitive enteropathy, 15 healthy basset hounds, and 30 dogs with Mpachydermatis-associated dermatitis, 20 of which were basset hounds. The mean (se) numbers of bands of immunoreactivity observed in the seborrhoeic basset hounds (10.7 [0.4]) and affected mixed-breed dogs (9.4 [0.9]) were significantly greater than in the beagles (3-0 [1.0]), Irish setters (5.5 [1.1]) and healthy basset hounds (5.6 [0.7]). The number of bands identified was correlated (r(s) = 0.76, P < 0.001) with the anti-M pachydermatis IgG values measured by ELISA in a previous study. Most of the dogs were immunoreactive towards the 132, 66 and 50 to 54 kDa proteins and the affected dogs were also usually reactive towards the 219, 110, 71 and 42 kDa proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Clinical and radiographic risk factors for operative stroke and death in the European carotid surgery trial.

OBJECTIVES: carotid endarterectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A better understanding of the relationships between baseline characteristics and outcome may help to reduce the risks of surgery. In order to make accurate and unbiased estimates of surgical risk it is important to study cohorts of patients that were established prospectively, where independent physicians assessed outcome, and where the decision to analyse and report the results was not data-dependent. The surgical arm of the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) is such a cohort. METHODS: the 30-day outcome of carotid endarterectomy was analysed in ECST surgery patients in relation to their baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics. The severity of operative strokes was compared with that of strokes that occurred in the medical group. RESULTS: 1729 patients underwent trial surgery. There were 17 deaths (1.0%, 95% CI=0.6-1.6) and 105 non-fatal major strokes (6.1%, 95% CI=5.0-7.3) within 30 days of surgery. The risk of major stroke or death was 7.1% (95% CI=5.9-8.4). The risk of disabling or fatal stroke was 3.0% (95% CI=2.1-3.8). The ratio of disabling to non-disabling operative strokes was similar to that in the medical group. Several baseline characteristics predicted the operative risk of stroke and death in univariate analyses, but only four were independent risk factors in a multiple regression analysis: presentation with cerebral TIA vs ocular ischaemic events only (HR=2.99, 95% CI=1.33-6.69, p=0.008); female sex (HR=2.04, 95% CI=1.37--3.06, p=0.001); systolic hypertension (HR=1.01 per 10 mmHg, 95% CI=1.00-1.02, p=0.03) and peripheral vascular disease (HR=2.17, 95% CI=1.17-2.89, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: the operative risk of stroke and death in the ECST was comparable with other prospective studies and trials in which patients were assessed postoperatively by both a physician and a surgeon. Case fatality and disability after operative stroke are similar to strokes that occur on medical treatment only. Several baseline patient characteristics predict surgical risk and it may be possible to use these characteristics to aid patient selection and surgical audit.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Variation in surgical and anaesthetic technique and associations with operative risk in the European carotid surgery trial: implications for trials of ancillary techniques.

OBJECTIVES: several ancillary surgical techniques, such as shunting and patching, are used in association with carotid endarterectomy. However, the balance of risks and benefits of these techniques is uncertain because of the lack of large randomised controlled trials (RCTs). To assess the potential for further trials, we studied the variation in use of these techniques by surgeon and by country in the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). METHODS: use of each ancillary technique was assessed by surgeon and by country. For each technique, the relationships between the use of the technique and baseline patient characteristics, use of other techniques, and the 30-day operative risk of stroke and death were determined. RESULTS: there was considerable variation between surgeons in the use of ancillary operative techniques both within (p<0.001 for shunting and patching), and between countries (p<0.001 for shunting and patching). Some surgeons used techniques selectively, and so the characteristics of patients differed depending on which techniques were used. Use of each technique was also significantly associated with the use of other techniques. Multiple regression analysis, taking into account all these factors, found no statistically significant associations between operative risk and the use of shunting, patching, intra-operative EEG monitoring, or type of anaesthetic. The only surgical technique significantly associated with an increased operative risk was not using intra-operative anticoagulation (hazard ratio=2.33, 95% CI=1.4-4.2). Other factors associated with an increased risk were an operation time of less than 1 h, or greater than 1.5 h, and the surgeons' subjective assessment that the operation was difficult. CONCLUSIONS: in the ECST, operative risk was more closely related to patient characteristics, length of surgery, and the surgeons' perception of the difficulty of the operation, than to the use of particular ancillary operative techniques. The considerable variation between surgeons, and between countries, in the use of ancillary techniques is in keeping with the lack of convincing data from RCTs, and suggests that there should be sufficient uncertainty to make large pragmatic trials possible.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Ulcerative otitis externa responsive to immunosuppressive therapy in two dogs.

Two middle-aged dogs were presented with bilateral severe ulcerative otitis externa without previous history of disease or evidence of other skin disease. Based on the exclusion of microbial infection and other primary causes, histopathological findings and response to immunomodulatory treatment, a diagnosis of presumed immune-mediated ulcerative otitis externa was made in both cases. However, the two cases differed with regard to their histopathological characteristics and the course of the disease. This report indicates that primary ulcerative disease needs to be considered in cases of ulcerative otitis externa which are unresponsive to appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Long-term durability of carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic stenosis and risk factors for late postoperative stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) reduces the risk of stroke ipsilateral to recently symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. Other techniques such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stenting are currently being compared with CEA. Thus far, case series and several small, randomized, controlled trials of CEA versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (with and without stenting) have focused primarily on the 30-day procedural risks of stroke and death. However, long-term durability is also important. To determine the long-term risk of stroke after CEA and to identify risk factors, we studied patients in the European Carotid Study Trial (ECST), the largest published cohort with long-term follow-up by physicians after CEA. METHODS: Risks of ipsilateral carotid territory ischemic stroke were calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis starting on the 30th day after CEA in 1728 patients who underwent trial surgery. Risk factors were determined by Cox regression. For comparison, we also determined the "background" risk of stroke on medical treatment in the ECST in the territory of 558 previously asymptomatic contralateral carotid arteries with <30% angiographic stenosis (ECST method) at randomization. RESULTS: The risks of disabling ipsilateral ischemic stroke and any ipsilateral ischemic stroke were constant after CEA, reaching 4.4% [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.0 to 5.8] and 9.7% (95% CI, 7.6 to 11.7), respectively, by 10 years. The equivalent ischemic stroke risks distal to contralateral <30% asymptomatic carotid stenoses were 1.9% (95% CI, 0.8 to 3.2) and 4.5% (95% CI, 1.5 to 7.4). Presentation with cerebral symptoms, diabetes, elevated systolic blood pressure, smoking, male sex, increasing age, and a lesser severity of preoperative stenosis were associated with an increased risk of late stroke after CEA, but plaque morphology and patch grafting were not. CONCLUSIONS: Although the risk of late ipsilateral ischemic stroke after CEA for symptomatic stenosis is approximately double the background risk in the territory of <30% asymptomatic stenosis, it is still only approximately 1% per year and remains low for at least 10 years after CEA. This is the standard against which alternative treatments should be judged. Several risk factors may be useful in identifying patients at particularly high risk of late postoperative stroke.

Carotid Stenosis↗
PubMed2001

Pseudomycetoma caused by Microsporum canis in a Persian cat: lack of response to oral terbinafine.

An eight-year-old neutered female Persian cat with a four-year history of relapsing skin disease, characterised by ulcerated nodules with a yellow granular discharge, was examined. A diagnosis of granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis (pseudomycetoma) caused by Microsporum canis was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, histopathological examination of skin biopsy specimens and culture of macerated tissue. Because previous therapy, comprising repeated surgical excision and the administration of griseofulvin and itraconazole, had not been successful, terbinafine was administered for an eight-month period. However, lesions progressed despite this treatment and the cat was euthanased.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Effective approaches to persuading pregnant women to quit smoking: a meta-analysis of intervention evaluation studies.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to: (1) assess the effectiveness of prenatal smoking cessation interventions, (2) clarify whether the psychological changes targeted by interventions are related to their effectiveness, (3) identify specific intervention components associated with greater effectiveness, and (4) establish whether aspects of evaluation methodology are associated with a greater effectiveness. DESIGN: Differences in proportions of women quitting and odds ratios were calculated for the intervention and control groups. Interventions were categorized in relation to the main intervention target (i.e. cognitive preparation versus increased threat perception), use of follow-up contact, use of individual cessation counselling and other characteristics. Methodological approaches to evaluation were also categorized. METHODS: A systematic literature review generated 36 controlled evaluations, including one unpublished study. A meta-analysis was used to relate study classifications to effectiveness. This involved univariate analyses and a multivariate model of the relationship between observed univariate effects. RESULTS: A weighted mean odds ratio of 1.93 indicated a good overall effectiveness. Cognitive preparation interventions achieved higher quit rates (6.5%) compared to interventions focusing on threat perception (2.2%). However, this effect was not maintained in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Interventions should employ follow-up, but further research is required to assess the impact of one-to-one counselling. Clarification of the psychological change processes underlying the observed effectiveness of these interventions is required. Future research should seek to identify the active ingredients and cognitive mediators of successful interventions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Differential effects of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist on macrophage activation.

Prostaglandin J2 metabolite 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15-PGJ2) appears to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Unlike other prostaglandins, it has no known plasma membrane receptor. Its effects have been thought to occur through activation of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), but 15-PGJ2 may exhibit effects independent of PPARgamma. We hypothesized that 15-PGJ2 modulates macrophage (Mphi) mediator production by acting on cell signaling proteins upstream of PPARgamma. The effects of 15-PGJ2 on bacterial endotoxin LPS-induced rat peritoneal Mphi mediator production were compared with those of a specific PPARgamma agonist, BRL 49653 (BRL), and to the eicosanoids prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and cicaprost (CICA, a prostacyclin analogue). 15-PGJ2 inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-alpha, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2). Equimolar concentrations of PGD2 and CICA significantly inhibited LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha but not NO, and CICA increased TxB2 production. BRL inhibited LPS-induced NO, but augmented LPS-induced TNF-alpha and TxB2. 15-PGJ2 also inhibited degradation of LPS-induced IkappaB alpha and phosphoactivation of ERK 1/2, but BRL had no significant effect on either protein. The cyclopentenone ring 2-cyclopenten-1-one also inhibited LPS-induced ERK 1/2 activation; however, neither 15-PGJ2 nor the cyclopentenone inhibited PMA-induced ERK 1/2 activation. Inhibition of LPS-stimulated mediator production by 15-PGJ2 differed from inhibition by PGD2, CICA, and BRL. The ability of 15-PGJ2 to inhibit LPS-induced Mphi mediator production and cell signaling may occur in part through reactivity of its cyclopentenone ring.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Routine or selective carotid artery shunting for carotid endarterectomy (and different methods of monitoring in selective shunting).

BACKGROUND: Temporary interruption of blood flow during carotid endarterectomy can be avoided by using a shunt across the clamped section of the carotid artery. This may improve outcome. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effect of routine versus selective shunting during carotid endarterectomy, and to assess the best method for selecting patients for shunting. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group trials register, Medline (1966 to 1994), Embase (1980 to 1995) and Index to Scientific and Technical Proceedings (1980 to 1994). We handsearched Annals of Surgery (1981 to 1995), British Journal of Surgery (1985 to 1995), European Journal of Vascular Surgery (1988 to 1995) and World Journal of Surgery (1978 to 1995). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials of routine shunting compared with no shunting, and trials that compared different shunting policies in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently applied the inclusion criteria. The data were extracted by one reviewer and double-checked. Trial quality was assessed. MAIN RESULTS: Three trials were included. Two trials involving 590 patients compared routine shunting with no shunting. The other trial involving 131 patients compared shunting with a combination of electroencephalographic and carotid pressure measurement, with shunting by carotid pressure measurement alone. Allocation was adequately concealed in one trial, and one trial was quasi-randomised. Analysis was by intention-to-treat where possible. For routine versus no shunting, there was no significant difference in the rate of all stroke, ipsilateral stroke or death up to 30 days after surgery, although data were limited. There was no significant difference between the risk of ipsilateral stroke in patients selected for shunting with the combination of electroencephalographic and carotid pressure assessment compared to pressure assessment alone, although again the data were limited. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The data presently available are too limited to either support or refute the use of routine or selective shunting in carotid endarterectomy. Large scale randomized trials using no shunting as the control group are required. No one method of monitoring in selective shunting has been shown to produce better outcomes.

Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical↗
PubMed2000

Colonisation status of Malassezia pachydermatis on the hair and in the hair follicle of healthy beagle dogs.

Hair and hair follicle carriage of Malassezia pachydermatis was studied in 12 healthy beagle dogs. The yeast was isolated from hair clipped from the lip region at 13 sites in nine dogs but was less frequently recovered from the interdigital spaces on the forefeet and from two sites on the trunk. Population sizes at the lip were significantly greater (P < 0.01) than those at other sites. Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from the same sites and epidermal and follicular tissues dissected following immersion in 1 M CaBr(2). Epidermal carriage of M. pachydermatis was identified in nine biopsy specimens taken from five dogs. Hair follicle carriage was identified in five skin specimens (four foot, one lip) from three dogs. This study indicates that M. pachydermatis is readily recovered from the distal hair in healthy dogs and that hair follicle carriage is infrequent or that populations are low at that site.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Malassezia pachydermatis: a review.

Malassezia pachydermatis is of importance in both veterinary and human medicine. Its taxonomic status and physiological characteristics are now better understood. Skin disease associated with this lipophilic yeast is now commonly recognized, especially in dogs. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms which allow this yeast to proliferate and induce disease. Skin colonization is common in pet carnivores which consequently constitute a source of M. pachydermatis for susceptible humans. In the future, the development of efficient typing systems should allow better understanding of the transmission mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Routes of success: influences on the occupational attainment of young British males.

Using data from the National Child Development Study, the paper develops a complex path model predicting the occupational grade achieved by 4,298 employed British males at age 33. Most British social mobility research has been based in the 'class structurationist' tradition, and the paper begins by comparing this with the 'status attainment' tradition, which is more common in the USA. The class structurationist approach has rarely analysed the factors influencing individual occupational attainment, and those working in this tradition in Britain have often assumed that people from working-class origins fare worse on average than those from the middle class because of factors associated with their class disadvantage rather than any difference in individual characteristics such as ability or ambition. Status attainment research, however, has generally found that individual ability and motivation are the key factors influencing occupational attainment, and that class origins count for comparatively little. Using various measures of class origins, parental support, qualifications, and individual ability and ambition, the paper goes on to develop a linear structural equations model which achieves a good fit to the data. The model demonstrates that individual ability is by far the strongest influence on occupational achievement, that motivation is also important, and that factors like class background and parental support, while significant, are relatively much weaker. The paper concludes that occupational selection in Britain appears to take place largely on meritocratic principles.

Adult↗