Recent immunologic and microbiologic evidence suggests that urothelial tumors may be caused by "C" type oncogenic viruses. Such viruses may exert their oncogenic potential in responce to stimulation by known chemical carcinogens. By means of a unique enzyme, reverse transcriptase, these viruses are able to incorporate genetic information into that of the host, and can thereby be transmitted vertically from generation to generation. An evaluation of the specific antiviral agents dimethylbenzyldemethl-rifampicin and streptovaricin-comples, which inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase, revealed no depay in the induction of bladder tumors by the chemical carcinogen, 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl) thiazole (FANFT) in C3H mice. This observation suggests that the reproduction and release of virus may not be essential in the malignant transformation of bladder epithelial cells, but does not preclude the possiblity that inherited viral genetic information may be involved in the oncogenesis of bladder tumors.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and dinitrochlorobenzene immunotherapy of chemically induced bladder tumors.

Immunologic incompetence is correlated with increased susceptibility to malignacy. Immunostimulation with such agents as Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) have resulted in regression of cutaneous maligancies. An evaluation of the effect of BCG and dinitrochlorobenzene sensitization and bladder irrigation in Fischer rats revealed no decrease in the incidence of bladder tumors induced by 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl) thiazole (FANFT). However, direct intralesional injection of BCG into early bladder tumors was effective in preventing the progression of such tumors in seven of ten BCG-sensitized rats (P less than 0.005). No effect was seen when BCG was injected intralesionally in unsensitized rats or when control solutions were injected.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Operative nephroscopy.

Renal endoscopy has been made possible, practical and safe by technical advances in instrumentation. Operative nephroscopy has become a uniquely valuable adjunct to stone operations, especially for caliceal calculi, but does not permit the surgeon to dispense with operative x-rays. Furthermore, it has extended our horizons in the management of intrarenal hematuria and of low grade tumors of the renal collecting system. We suggest that the rigid right-angled nephroscope in use today be referred to as the Leadbetter nephroscope in recognition of that pioneer's original conception for its design.

Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical↗

PubMed1976

Dissolution of residual renal calculi with hemiacidrin.

Hemiacidrin irrigation of the renal collection system via nephrostomy for the dissolution of residual postoperative calculi is described in 14 cases. The irrigation successfully dissolved 13 to 16 caliceal calculi. It did not dissolve any parenchymal calcifications. No known stones of pure calcium oxalate or apatite have been dissolved. Residual stones can safely be dissolved with hemiacidrin irrigation via nephrostomy if clear open drainage and scrupulously sterile urine are maintained.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Prostatic carcinoma: incidence and location of unsuspected lymphatic metastases.

Prospective pathologic staging by pelvic lymphadenectomy in 60 patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate disclosed a high incidence (35 per cent) of clinically silent and unsuspected lymph node metastases. When present, metastatic disease was frequently bilateral (57 per cent) and most commonly involved the obturator-hypogastric lymph nodes (87 per cent). Micrometastases alone were found in 5 patients and the potential significance of this finding on survival is discussed. Although the presence or absence of metastases could not be accurately predicted by histologic analysis of biopsy or prostatectomy specimens, the finding of undifferentiated tumor, marked anaplasia and penetration through the capsule correlated positively with nodal metastases. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is a safe and important diagnostic tool in the accurate staging of these patients. Its widespread use is advocated in patients with clinical stage B1, B2 and C tumors prior to definitive therapy. Based on the prospective data generated in this study lymphatic metastasis appears to be an early event in the spread of prostatic cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Amyloidosis of the lower genitourinary tract.

Three patients with amyloidosis of the lower genitourinary tract are described. In the cases of primary localized amyloidosis of the urethra and primary systemic amyloidosis involving the prostate the clinical presentation mimicked cancer of the respective sites. In the case of secondary localized amyloidosis of the seminal vesicles chronic perineal pain suggested seminal vesiculitis.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1976

The rate of skin allografts within the prostate.

There is good evidence demonstrating the absence of lymphatic drainage in the normal glandular prostate. In other organs, such as the brain and anterior chamber of the eye, this property is associated with an impaired response to foreign tissue antigens. We have examined the first set allograft survival of normal skin transplanted between strains of male inbred rats (Lewis leads to Fisher) to various sites including the prostate. The resulting data indicate that the prostate is not an immunologically privileged site when compared to the anterior chamber of the eye. However, prolonged first set allograft survival is seen in the prostate when compared to grafts placed orthotopically. These differences appear to be exaggerated or diminished, depending upon the particular foreign tissue used.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Detection and diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1976

Renal artery stenosis--when is surgery indicated?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Live donor nephrectomy.

Donor nephrectomy was performed on 39 living related renal donors. The preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, and postoperative follow-up are presented. Major or minor complications developed in 23 per cent of the patients and included acute myocardial infarction, brachial plexus injury, acute glomerulonephritis, ileus, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection. All complications had resolved by six months postoperatively.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Topical testosterone therapy for penile growth.

Three prepubertal males were treated with daily applications to the penis of 5 per cen topical testosterone cream. Penile growth occurred in all 3 patients. Serum testosterone values rose dramatically in 2 of the patients. Topical testosterone probably causes penile growth via its systemic action, not merely through its local effect.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1975

Bilateral renal aspergillosis.

The recent increased use of steriods, immunosuppressive agents and cytotoxic drugs has been associated with a rise in the incidence of significant fungal disease. The first case of bilateral renal aspergillosis without disseminated involvement is reported. A multitherapeutic approach, including surgical evacuation of masses of hyphae, parenteral antimycotic chemotherapy and topical instillations of amphotericin B, were necessary to clear the kidneys. Newer systemic agents such as 5-fluorocytosine and rifampicin were also used. Treatment of fungal infections of the urinary tract is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Bench surgery for tumor in a solitary kidney.

Bench surgery which included ex vivo partial nephrectomy with subsequent autotransplantation was successfully performed on a solitary kidney containing renal cell carcinoma. Helpful adjuncts included perfusion with a hyperosmolar intracellular-like solution, perfusion with a preservation machine and upside-down ipsilateral transplantation.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1975

Ligation of the renal vein in the solitary kidney: effects on renal function.

Three patients with right renal tumors extending into the inferior vena cava underwent ligation of the left renal vein coincident with right nephrectomy and en bloc resection of the vena cava. Two patients exhibited no postoperative renal dysfunction while the third demonstrated renal dysfunction which cleared by 9 days postoperatively. Features of the temporary renal dysfunction included proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine levels, oliguria, hypertension, elevated peripheral venous renin level, as well as radiographic evidence of swelling the kidney. The collateral venous drainage of the left kidney makes it possible to ligate the main vein of a solitary kidney with survival of the patient. However, postoperative temporary renal dysfunction may occur and a plan to deal with this problem should be fromulated.

Adenocarcinoma↗