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Biomedical subjects

R Gustafson

Publications and source records attributed to R Gustafson.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Alcohol-related expectancies reported by college women to a large dose of alcohol.

A sample of 50 college women taking part in a previous study about expected effects of moderate doses of alcohol were contacted a second time. Of the original 50 subjects 47 now reported their expectancies for a large dose of alcohol both for themselves and for others by simply stating the three most probable effects in terms of behavior and emotion. They primarily expected themselves to become happy and others generally to misbehave. When answers were coded as positive or negative, subjects expected positive or negative effects both for themselves and others on the first choice. On the second and third choices, the proportion of negative expectancies increased significantly, especially for others. Results from the previous and the present study were compared, and it was concluded that subjects seem to have very few but dominant expectancies.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effects of alcohol on prolonged cognitive performance measured with Stroop's Color Word Test.

24 men and 24 women were randomly assigned in equal numbers to an Alcohol group, a Placebo group, or a Control group. The alcohol dose was 1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg of body weight. Subjects were tested three consecutive times using Stroop's Color Word Test. The dependent measures were total time needed to complete the test, number of errors made and number of hesitations. Data were grouped into three blocks of 100 words. Results indicated that number of hesitations was too insensitive a measure to yield any significant effects. On the two first measures alcohol had a detrimental effect in that the Alcohol group needed more time to complete the test and made more errors than the Placebo group. There was also a significant interaction of alcohol dose by sex by blocks on both these measures, indicating that the detrimental effect of alcohol over time was restricted to women. Different implications of the results were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in a defined Swedish population.

Sera from 346 individuals living on Lisö, an area south of Stockholm, endemic for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Lyme borreliosis, were tested for antibody activity to TBE-virus (TBEV) and Borrelia burgdorferi, using a sonicate antigen, by haemagglutination-inhibition and ELISA, respectively. 10/346 (3%) individuals had a history of previous serologically confirmed TBE with encephalitic symptoms, and 33/346 (10%) had a history of previous erythema chronicum migrans (ECM). Four individuals (1%) had been treated for neuroborreliosis and another 4 (1%) for acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA). Antibodies to TBEV and B. burgdorferi were detected in 40/346 (12%) and 89/346 (26%) individuals, respectively. The seroprevalence of Lyme borreliosis increased with age, time spent on Lisö, and number of reported tick-bites. For TBE there was a correlation between seropositivity and time spent on Lisö only. In sera from 50 healthy blood-donors, living in a non-endemic area, no antibody activity to TBEV could be detected and only 1/50 (2%) had antibodies to borrelia. In sera from 150 age and sex matched control individuals, living in the city of Stockholm, antibody activity to TBEV and borrelia was found in 8/150 (5%) and 13/150 (9%), respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Alcohol and the validation of experimental aggression paradigms: the Taylor reaction time procedure.

The aim was to find out whether intoxicated and sober subjects would calibrate a shock scale to the same objective level and whether shocks received would be subjectively experienced in the same way in terms of pain and discomfort. The intention was also to replicate previous studies attributing an aggression enhancing effect to alcohol. The subjective ratings were made within the Taylor reaction time 'aggression machine'. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to either an alcohol or a control group. The former drank 0.8 ml of pure alcohol/kg body wt. Results indicated no differences among groups on a shock setting measure of aggression under unprovoked or provoked conditions and no differences in level of calibration of shocks or in subjective ratings of pain and discomfort. These results were contrary to all predictions and are discussed as indirectly supportive of an hypothesis stating that this version of the 'aggression machine' may not generate a valid measure of aggression when used in alcohol research.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The effect of alcohol intoxication on primary and secondary processes in male social drinkers.

The acute effects of alcohol intoxication on cognitive style and on locus of control was investigated in an experimental setting. Sixty male subjects were randomly assigned to either an Alcohol, a Placebo, or a Control group. The alcohol dose was 1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. Subjects filled out a modified version of Rotter's locus of control scale and reported their perceptions to Street's Gestalt Completion Test. The latter test was scored in a standardized way for stimulus closeness, indicating a reality oriented and rational functioning, and stimulus distance, indicating a more primitive, irrational and pleasure oriented functioning. Alcohol made subjects less internally controlled and decreased the reality oriented functioning while the pleasure oriented functioning was not affected. Results were discussed in terms of pharmacological mechanisms, disinhibition, and creativity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Changes in the psychological defence system as a function of alcohol intoxication in men.

Social drinking young men participated in an experiment exploring whether acute alcohol intoxication affects the characteristics of the psychological defence structure. It was found that a moderate alcohol dose (1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight) increased the overall level of defence activity compared to a sober Control group and as measured by the Defence Mechanism Test. This increase was mainly due to a significant increase in the defence mechanism Isolation. Gender differences in this respect and the implications of this shift in the defence structure for the understanding of intoxicated behavior and motives for drinking were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Alcohol effects on cognitive and personality style in women with special reference to primary and secondary process.

Changes in primary and secondary process functioning as well as in experienced locus of control as indicators of cognitive style were examined as a function of alcohol intoxication. Women subjects drank 1.0 ml of pure alcohol/kg body weight and were compared to a placebo and a control group. Results indicated a significant shift in locus of control toward greater externality and a significant shift in cognitive style from a dominance of secondary process when sober to a dominance of primary process when intoxicated. These shifts were discussed as indicative of the pharmacological properties of alcohol and were related to the disinhibition and the arousal hypotheses. Alternative explanations were also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The structure of psychological defense mechanisms in women as a function of alcohol intoxication.

The present experiment tested whether moderate alcohol intoxication influences the relative strength of different psychoanalytic defense mechanisms and whether the overall level of defense activity is changed. Thirty-six women were randomly assigned to either an alcohol, a placebo, or a control group. The alcohol dose was 1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. Subjects were tested with the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), which gives a valid measure of both elaborate or late and primitive or early defense mechanisms. Results indicated no significant effects of alcohol intoxication on any aspect of the defense system. This was taken as supportive of the psychoanalytic notion in respect of the stability of the defense system. Possible complications were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A study of the effect of isoflurane anaesthesia on equine skeletal muscle perfusion.

The effects of 1.1, 1.5 and 1.8 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) isoflurane-02 anaesthesia on skeletal muscle blood flow, 02 delivery and vascular resistance were studied in the non-dependent region of seven healthy normothermic, isocapnoeic ponies. Muscle blood flow was determined with 15 microns diameter radionuclide labelled microspheres that were injected into the left ventricle. Muscle blood flow during anaesthesia was compared to unanaesthetised (control) measurements. Isoflurane administration caused a dose dependent decrease in mean aortic pressure, and skeletal muscle (temporalis, triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis) blood flow. However, in the masseter, triceps brachii at 1.1 and 1.5 MAC, and longissimus dorsi lumborum at 1.1 MAC anaesthesia, blood flow values were not different from the control value. Vascular resistance did not change significantly in any of the muscles with any concentration of isoflurane. With the exception of the masseter muscle, isoflurane anaesthesia also decreased skeletal muscle 02 delivery. There were no significant differences in the muscle parameters studied between the three concentrations of isoflurane. Because skeletal muscle vascular resistance was unchanged throughout the study, it is possible that there may be an interference of 'autoregulation' in the skeletal muscle vascular beds of isocapnoeic ponies during isoflurane-02 anaesthesia.

Anesthetics, Inhalation↗
PubMed1989

Human physical aggression as a function of magnitude of frustration: indirect support and a possible confounding influence.

An experiment was performed to test whether thwarting close to the goal leads to higher levels of frustration and higher levels of aggression than thwarting far from the goal in a slightly modified version of the Buss' "aggression machine." Subjects first calibrated a shock scale and were then put in a situation in which they could give electric shocks to a confederate under an acceptable pretext. It was not possible to confirm the specific hypothesis directly but a positive correlation was found between over-all self-rated subjective frustration and a measure of total aggression supporting a general frustration-aggression hypothesis. However, it was also found that the initial calibration of the shock scale correlated positively with the measure of total aggression, indicating the possible confounding influences are operative in this kind of paradigm.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Self-reported expected emotional changes as a function of alcohol intoxication by alcoholic men and women.

80 alcoholic men and women registered for counseling at different Swedish outpatient units volunteered to complete semantic differential scales related to emotional expected effects of alcohol intoxication. Analyses indicated that alcoholics expect large doses of alcohol to increase pleasure, dominance, and arousal. These results were discussed in comparison with the results from previous related studies with nonalcoholic samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of a bioluminescence assay for the detection of bacteriuria.

Bacteriuria defined with urine culture as the reference method was compared with bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) measurements of cystoscopical urine samples from 216 men. Discrepant samples were studied by reculturing and microscopy of the sediment. Results show a good correlation (sensitivity 1.0 and specificity 0.95) between bacteriuria greater than or equal to 10(4) cfu/ml and bacterial ATP greater than 10 nmol/l measured by bioluminescence. Samples with macroscopic hematuria may influence the ATP value and give false positive results.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1988

The relationship between alcohol intoxication and power in real-life non-alcoholic couples.

Thirty real life couples were randomly assigned to one of three groups, a control group, a men drink group (only men drinking alcohol), or a women drink group (only women drinking alcohol). The purpose was to test whether alcohol intoxication leads to shifts in power among men and women using an estimation task together with a measure of power fantasies. Men were more powerful in terms of outcome both in the control group and the women drink group, but women became more powerful when men drink. Responsibility aspects of the process follow this pattern and the process becomes more complex when women drink. Men over-estimate their influence especially as far as process is concerned. Power fantasies decrease for both men and women only when women drink. It is suggested that sex role stereotyping can explain the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Beer intoxication and physical aggression in males.

Twenty subjects participated in an experiment testing the effects of a moderate dose of beer on physical aggression. Subjects were randomly assigned to a beer drinking group or a control group. Aggression was measured in terms of number of shocks given, shock intensity, and shock duration in a modified version of the Buss' aggression machine. There were no differences among groups and there was no interaction of beer by frustration on aggression. The results are explained in terms of expectancies held by subjects as to the effects of beer intoxication on behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The blood alcohol curve as a function of time and type of beverage: methodological considerations.

Six male subjects came to the laboratory on three different occasions and drank either spirits, wine, or beer. The spirits drink contained 1.0 ml of pure alcohol/kg body wt. and the other two drinks were 20% larger. The blood alcohol curve was monitored every 15 min. The mean peak level was roughly the same for the three types of beverages although the peak was reached later for wine and beer. For spirits and beer the curve dropped off smoothly after the peak was reached while for wine the peak level was maintained for about 60 min. Individual curves varied greatly for all three beverage types. The results are discussed in terms of methodological complications when doing experimental research in the laboratory.

Adult↗