PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

R Gustafson

Publications and source records attributed to R Gustafson.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Self-reported expected effects of a moderate dose of alcohol by college women.

Fifty college undergraduate women were asked to state the three most probable effects they expected from drinking a moderate amount of alcohol for themselves and for others respectively in rank-ordered way. Results indicate that subjects expected primarily over-all positive effects both for themselves and for others. Specifically they also expected themselves to become more calm and others to behave generally less well. Lower down in the level of expectations there was a tendency to expect more positive effects for themselves and more negative effects for others. The importance of establishing not only the existence of an expectancy but also the relationship between expectancies in terms of internal dominance is discussed along with a model explaining the interplay between expectancies and social behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Effects of alcohol on power in social interaction between man and woman.

From the McClelland et al. theory it was hypothesized that the distribution of power defined in terms of both outcome and process would be affected by alcohol in a man-woman dyad interaction situation by increasing power of the intoxicated partner. Man-woman couples (N = 30) were randomly assigned to an alcohol, a placebo or a control group. The men in the alcohol group were served a beverage containing 0.8 ml of absolute alcohol per kg of body weight. In the placebo group, the men were served a drink of orange juice and vodka essence, and the men in the control group received only orange juice. The women in all groups were served only orange juice. The same information about the kind of drinks to be served was given to both the men and the women in their respective groups. Each couple was tested individually and the experimental task consisted of 20 equal trials. The man and the woman were asked to give an individual estimation of the length of a line projected on a screen. They were then instructed to discuss their individual answers and to come to a mutual agreement on the length of the line. Outcome power was defined as the influence each one had on the actual decision and process power as each one's influence on the interaction process. Results clearly show that sober women increase their outcome power and responsibility aspects of process power over the intoxicated men, while the intoxicated men retain some of their process power as estimated in quantitative terms. The hypothesis was not supported and alternative explanations were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol and unpleasant stimulation: subjective shock calibration and pain and discomfort perception.

In an experiment 8 men participated in an alcohol and a sober condition in a rotated order. In both conditions subjects first calibrated a shock scale to a subjective criterion and then rated their subjective pain and total discomfort. Subjects calibrated the shock scale higher when intoxicated and rated the calibrated level equally painful in the sober and intoxicated conditions, but when intoxicated subjects actually rated the higher shock level as less uncomfortable. The shock scale was calibrated higher under intoxication not because subjects wanted to impress the experimenter but because less pain and discomfort was actually experienced.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol and social power between man and woman: the function of sex-role competence.

An experiment was performed testing whether the power distribution among men and women when one of the two is moderately intoxicated is dependent on the traditional sex-role characteristics of the interaction task. Thirty man/woman dyads were randomly assigned to three different experimental groups. In all groups the men drank a moderate dose of alcohol and the women remained sober. The task was to make decisions on tasks either of a neutral kind or of a traditional male or female kind. Power was measured in terms of both decision outcomes and interaction process. Results indicated that outcome power was dependent on type of task, while process power increased for the intoxicated men irrespective of type of task. The results are discussed in terms of a compensation hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Acute effects of alcohol on power distribution between man and woman.

An experiment was performed testing the hypothesis that the distribution of outcome power and process power among a male and female will change in favor of the male as a function of female alcohol intoxication. Dyads were randomly assigned to either an alcohol, a placebo or a control group and took part in a decision game. The respective influence on the actual decision outcome and on the decision process was estimated. Alcohol did not affect the distribution of outcome power and the process was only affected by a quantitative increase in number of utterances and discussion time. The results were discussed in relation to theoretical models and sex-role typing.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol and social influence: female yielding to male and female group pressure.

Thirty college women were randomly assigned to either an alcohol, a placebo, or a control group. The alcohol group drank 0.8 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. Subjects estimated the length of lines and were exposed to a simulated group pressure. Yielding to the group pressure constituted the dependent variable. Both the alcohol and the placebo groups showed increased number of yieldings compared to the control group. Different theoretical explanations are discussed suggesting psychological mechanisms to be the most important.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Skeletal muscle perfusion during prolonged 2.03% end-tidal isoflurane-O2 anesthesia in isocapnic ponies.

Effects of 1.55 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane O2 anesthesia (2.03% end-tidal isoflurane) on blood flow in the up-(nondependent) and down-(dependent) positioned skeletal muscles were studied at 60, 120, and 180 minutes in 6 healthy isocapnic ponies in right lateral recumbency on a nonpadded hardwood floor. Measurements were made, using 15-micron diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres injected into the left ventricle, and comparisons were made with data obtained from ponies in the conscious state. Isoflurane administration caused a sharp reduction in cardiac output and systemic pressure (P less than 0.01), but total peripheral resistance did not change significantly. In the triceps brachii, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, and vastus lateralis of both sides, blood flow decreased significantly during 1.55 minimum alveolar concentration isoflurane anesthesia (P less than 0.01), and fluctuations did not occur with increasing duration of anesthesia. In masseter muscles, perfusion values during the 3 hours of anesthesia were not significantly different from values in awake ponies. Despite the fact that 4 ponies developed marked edema of the dependent masseter muscle, 1 pony without masseter edema developed postanesthetic forelimb lameness and 2 of the 4 ponies with masseter edema had generalized hind limb weakness after anesthesia; significant differences in blood flow between up- and down-positioned muscles were not observed. During isoflurane-O2 anesthesia in ponies, a sharp significant decrease in skeletal muscle blood flow was observed (P less than 0.01). Decreased equine skeletal muscle perfusion during isoflurane anesthesia also may be accompanied by accentuated O2 loss from the arterial blood via the countercurrent O2 exchange between large arterioles and venules.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1987

Systemic distribution of blood flow in ponies during 1.45%, 1.96%, and 2.39% end-tidal isoflurane-O2 anesthesia.

Effects of 1.1, 1.5, and 1.8 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane-O2 (1.45%, 1.96%, and 2.39% end-tidal isoflurane, respectively) anesthesia on cardiac output, blood pressure, and blood flow to the brain, thyroid glands, adrenal glands, kidneys, and splanchnic organs were examined in 9 healthy isocapnic adult ponies. Tissue blood flows were studied using 15-micron diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres that were injected into the left ventricle, and comparisons were made with data obtained from ponies in the conscious state. Isoflurane anesthesia caused dose-related reduction in cardiac output and arterial blood pressure, but total peripheral resistance was not significantly altered (P greater than 0.05). In the brain, vasodilation occurred with exposure to isoflurane that peaked at 1.5 MAC. Vasodilation was more pronounced in the cerebellum, pons, and medulla, compared with that in the cerebrum. Perfusion increased in cerebellar gray, as well as white, matter. However, in the cerebrum, blood flow increased in the white matter, whereas it decreased in caudate nuclei and was similar to value in the cortex of awake ponies. In thyroid glands and pancreas, intense vasoconstriction occurred during isoflurane anesthesia which caused precipitous reduction in blood flow in these organs. By contrast, adrenal gland blood flow was not affected during the 3 levels of isoflurane anesthesia because vasodilation occurred. The renal blood flow registered dose-dependent reductions during isoflurane-O2 anesthesia, but renal vasoconstriction occurred only during the deepest level (1.8 MAC) of anesthesia. Although the small intestine and and colon blood flow decreased with each concentration of isoflurane, the splenic blood flow remained unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effect of moderate doses of alcohol on simple auditory reaction time in a vigilance setting.

An experiment was performed with 11 voluntary male subjects to test the effects of moderate doses of alcohol on simple auditory RT in a vigilance setting. Subjects were tested during a 30-min. session, during which signals were presented with an average intersignal interval of 3.75 sec. Subjects responded by pressing a microswitch held in the preferred hand. Analysis indicated that absolute means increased as a function of alcohol dose. With time-on-task alcohol produced a faster increase in RT and especially affected the longest RTs. Number of extreme long reactions (blockings) and mean duration of these reactions increased under alcohol and were directly related to time on task; alcohol produced a much faster increase in number of blockings with time on task. Results were discussed in terms of attentional processes and habituation theory. Some practical implications of the results were pointed out.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1986

Alcohol and vigilance performance: effect of small doses of alcohol on simple visual reaction time.

The effects of small doses of alcohol were tested in a vigilance setting. Subjects were repeatedly tested during three 30-min. sessions. The stimulus event was a visual light located in front of subjects. The average intersignal interval was 3.75 sec., and the dependent measure was simple reaction time. Analysis indicates that alcohol produced a skewness in the RT-distribution with time on task; the longer reactions increased more than the shorter ones. Especially the extremely long reactions (blockings) increased markedly with time on task under alcohol. Results were discussed in relation to other studies reporting divergent results in similar test situations.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Alcohol and vigilance performance: effect of small doses of alcohol on simple auditory reaction time.

This study explored whether a small dose of alcohol (0.67 ml/kg) would affect simple auditory RT as developed with time on task in a vigilance setting. Analysis indicated that absolute levels were not affected and no interaction with time on task was evident. Alcohol did, however, increase both number and mean duration of the extreme long reactions but this effect was not related to time on task. It was concluded that in many applied situations this effect of small alcohol doses may be critical.

Adult↗