Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R J Craig.
From a comprehensive literature review of all papers published on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (I/II) from 1980-1993, MCMI test codetypes associated with various personality and clinical disorders were derived from the empirical literature. They are presented in an Appendix for clinical and research interests.
We administered the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II; Millon, 1987) and the Sixteen Personality Factors Inventory (16PF; Cattell, Eber, & Tatsuoka, 1970) to 131 outpatients in marital therapy and tested the correlation between the validity scales of the two instruments. The results indicated that MCMI-II Disclosure and Debasement scales were positively correlated with the 16PF Fake-Bad scale and negatively correlated with the 16PF Fake-Good scale. The MCMI-II Desirability scale was significantly correlated with the 16PF Fake-Good scale.
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II profiles of 145 patients in marital therapy, seen in a private-practice outpatient setting, were subjected to a hierarchical cluster analysis. Four distinct clusters were found (MCMI-II Codetypes 58B4, 8A6B8B5, 3217, and 37). Each of these clusters suggested different therapeutic goals. There were some scale differences by gender, with women tending to score higher on the Dependent Scale. We argue that private-practice settings generate a wealth of data which can be taken from such files and used to address empirical questions.
This paper is a review of major published works from psychoanalysts, psychiatrists, psychologists, academic scholars, and experts who have presented an "analysis" of the personality of Ernest Hemingway. Points of agreement and contrasting points of contention are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the personality characteristics of 145 patients seen in outpatient marital therapy in private practice. Cluster analysis of the entire sample resulted in five separate typologies which were statistically significant and clinically meaningful and which suggested different goals for counseling. Patients seeking marital therapy were significantly more tense, anxious, worrisome, suspicious, bold, and shrewd than the normal persons in the 16 PF standardization sample.
The MCMI was administered to 603 recently convicted violent offenders, grouped according to nature of the offense into child molesters (n = 201), rapists (n = 195), and non-sexually aggressive felons (n = 205). Both groups of sexual offenders were more passive-aggressive, but child molesters were more dependent, anxious, and depressed than the other two groups, whose personality style was more narcissistic and independent with little psychic distress. Results confirm earlier findings based on MMPI test results, which show that the personality styles of rapists are more similar to those of non-sexually aggressive felons than to those of child molesters. Test variance can no longer be the basis for these replicated findings.
FK506-binding protein (FKBP)12 and FKBP13 are members of a family of proteins which bind the immunosuppressant drugs, FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP12 and FKBP13 are encoded by distinct genes, designated FKBP1 and FKBP2, respectively. The structure of human FKBP1 was previously characterized. We now report the genomic structure of the human and murine FKBP2 genes. Comparison of FKBP1 and FKBP2 reveals significant homology and correlation of intron positions in the C-terminal region, suggesting that these genes may have evolved from a common ancestral gene.
Human FKBP12 and FKBP13 are encoded by distinct genes designated FKBP1 and FKBP2, respectively. Human FKBP1 was previously characterized. The characterization of human FKBP2 is described. FKBP2 is three kb in length and contains six exons. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of FKBP1 and FKBP2 genomic probes to metaphase chromosomes localized FKBP1 to human chromosome 20 band p13 and FKBP2 to human chromosome 11 band q13.1-q13.3.
This paper reviews studies that used the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory with drug abusers. Although the test has been used with over 2000 such patients in the published literature, there is still a dearth of basic research with the MCMI with this population. Preliminary evidence suggests that the Personality Disorder Scales are quite useful to assess personality styles of drug abusers, but the Clinical Syndrome Scales present some problems. Specifically, the Drug Dependence Scale has had difficulty in reliably "detecting" drug addicted individuals who were in treatment for drug abuse. However, a reliable modal MCMI profile among this population seems to exist, although cluster research suggests several subtypes, each with different personality styles. MCMI computer-narrative reports may overdiagnose paranoid disorder and under diagnose antisocial disorders among this population.
A total of 180 students in a Doctor of Psychology program of an APA-accredited Professional School of Psychology (55 men and 125 women) took the MMPI for course requirements. A larger subgroup (43 men and 88 women) also completed the Adjective Check List. Men scored higher than women on the MMPI dimensions of Assertion (Pd), Organization (Pt), and Imagination (Sc). Women scored higher on the Ego Strength Scale (Es). Men scored higher on the Check List scale of Dominance. Data were compared with a previous report of MMPIs of Ph.D. students, and few differences were observed. Findings were discussed in terms of stereotypical role behaviors from which doctoral students are not yet immune.
We correlated MCMI-II and 16 PF profiles of 145 couples in outpatient marital therapy and noted significant associations between these tests that were consistently and logically related to constructs which underlie the meaning of the MCMI-II scales. This provided good concurrent validity for both the Personality and Clinical Scales of the MCMI-II. These results add credence to research designed to study Millon's basic styles in normal populations.
The MMPIs of 104 cocaine abusers in treatment were subjected to a hierarchical cluster analysis and two basic profile types emerged. Type I consisted of a spike on Pd and a subspike on Hyp, reflecting a rebellious, acting out character-disordered style with narcissistic traits. Type II consisted of a high-ranging, floating profile consisting of marked elevations on F, Sc, Dep, Pt, Pd, and Pa, reflecting a psychiatric patient who concurrently abused cocaine. These findings were contrasted to other MMPI typological studies, and the similarities and differences were discussed.
The conscious and unconscious self-concept was examined in three groups of children: 23 children of alcoholics (COA), 19 children from nonalcoholic but dysfunctional families, and 23 children from normal families without alcoholism or family dysfunction. Self-concept was assessed both objectively, using the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale, and subjectively, using the Draw-A-Person Test and the Thematic Apperception Test from rating systems designed to tap unconscious dimensions of self. The COAs and normal controls were also compared for behavioral problems with the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. We found that COAs made more positive self-statements on objective measures of self-concept than children from families without alcoholism, whether or not the families were dysfunctional. Subjective analyses of projective test responses revealed unconscious differences in self-concept among the COAs, though this was not corroborated with objective scores, probably due to the crudeness of the rating instrument in failing to tap these dimensions. Also COAs had significantly more behavior problems, based on parental reports, which contrasts with their objective reports of self. Implications of these findings were discussed.
FKBP-12, the major T-cell binding protein for the immunosuppressive agents FK506 and rapamycin, catalyzes the interconversion of the cis and trans rotamers of the peptidyl-prolyl amide bond of peptide and protein substrates. The function of rotamase activity in cells and the role of FKBP-12 in immunoregulation is uncertain. In this paper we report the cloning and characterization of the human chromosomal FKBP-12 gene and four processed FKBP-12 pseudogenes. The FKBP-12 gene is 24 kilobases in length and contains five exons. The protein-coding region of the gene is divided into four exon modules that correlate with the structural and functional domains of the protein. The novel structure of FKBP-12 resulting from the topology of the antiparallel beta-sheet is the topological crossing of two loops that are encoded by separate exons. Separate exons also encode the antiparallel beta-sheet and alpha-helical region that define the drug-binding pocket and enzyme activity site of FKBP-12. The exon organization of the FKBP-12 gene also provided insight into the genetic evolution of the immunophilin family. Knowledge of the FKBP-12 gene structure will enable inactivation of this gene by homologous recombination in cells to provide a model to study the role of FKBP-12 in immunoregulation and normal cellular processes.
Relationships, including age, race, gender, and IQ level, between the Wechsler intelligence scales (WISC-R, WAIS-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) were studied among 206 applicants for disability benefits in a private practice setting. We found that the PPVT-R seriously underestimated WISC-R IQs by an average of 5 points and WAIS-R IQs by an average of 12 points. Results were discussed in terms of psychometric findings and clinical application. The study demonstrates that psychologists in private practice settings can use the product of their daily work to address important questions that require empirical answers, which, in turn, can influence clinical practice.
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Cocaine addicts (N = 107) and opiate addicts (N = 86) in treatment for drug abuse were compared on the MCMI. Univariate analyses revealed that cocaine abusers showed more traits of the antisocial personality style, whereas heroin addicts evinced more problems with anxiety and somatic distress, probably related to residual problems of withdrawal, and alcohol abuse. Multivariate analyses revealed four distinct clusters (MCMI patterns 456', 865', 56', and 8') that aligned by underlying personality style and clinical syndrome expression rather than by drug of choice. Ideographic analyses further demonstrated consistencies in prevalence rates of DSM-III-R personality disorders. Results do not support the pharmacodynamic theory of drug abuse. It was concluded that the similarities in personality between these two groups are greater than their differences.
The mental representations and self-concept of 20 sexually abused, 20 physically abused, and 20 nonabused but distressed females, ages 7-12, were studied using the TAT and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Results were analyzed both statistically from objective scoring systems, and clinically from direct observations and from an analysis of the interaction of abused children with the examiner. The results show that while the mental representations did not statistically differ between the sexually and physically abused children, the abused groups did differ in their internal images compared to nonabused but distressed children. Also, abused children tended to split off from consciousness the more negative aspects of their perceptions. The results demonstrate that it is abuse per se, and not simply family distress, that results in impaired object relations. Implications of these results are discussed.