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Biomedical subjects

R J Craig

Publications and source records attributed to R J Craig.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Differences in organization of psychological needs between inpatient and outpatient opiate addicts.

A total of 117 inpatients and 114 outpatient drug addicts were administered the Adjective Check List; protocols were subjected to a hierarchical cluster analysis. Results showed two basic clusters for inpatients and one large cluster in the outpatient sample, each different in personality need organization. At discharge, patients who moved from Clusters I or II (inpatient) to Cluster III (outpatient) continued with outpatient treatment. None of the "independent" patients pursued outpatient treatment, while patients in the "emotionally dependent" cluster who pursued outpatient treatment eventually were placed on methadone maintenance. Results suggest that drug addicts who request inpatient or outpatient treatment may be a self-selected sample who differ in personality organization, which, in turn, may predict treatment follow-up in an aftercare setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Geriatric psychiatry manpower--seven services in Scotland.

The method of calculating district psychiatric manpower described by Watson was applied to seven geriatric psychiatry services in Scotland serving a population of 1,445,000 including 209,600 individuals over the age of 65 years of age. The overall medical staffing of these services was only 63.6% of the estimated requirement and when individual consultants were considered only 62% of the necessary time was available. If it is assumed that half of the extra medical time should be provided by consultants, then 3.2 consultant WTEs will be needed for geriatric psychiatry for a population of 200,000 with 30,000 elderly people. If there was no change in the proportion of medical work provided by consultants, the figure would be 2.9 consultant WTEs per 30,000 population aged over 65 years. Extra supporting staff are also required to meet the requirements of the Watson formula.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Differences in psychological need hierarchies between black and white drug addicts.

A total of 109 Black and White heroin and cocaine addicts in treatment for drug abuse were compared on the Adjective Checklist (ACL). We found that the White addict had a significantly different pattern of needs than did the Black addict, characterized by more psychological dependence, distress, and maladjustment. Consistent with the MMPI literature in this area, the ACL provides an accurate evaluation of personality dimensions among drug addicts, and White addicts are more psychologically maladjusted than Black addicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Psychological functioning of cocaine free-basers derived from objective psychological tests.

This paper reports on two separate studies that compared cocaine free-basers with opiate addicts on objective personality tests (Adjective Checklist and MMPI). Both groups showed a similar organization of needs. While opiate addicts were characterized by acting-out traits, rebelliousness, depression, anxiety, alienation, and hyperactivity, the cocaine free-basers were characterized by similar traits, but at modulated levels of severity. Implications for treatment programs and for pharmacodynamic theories, with emphasis on the relationship between underlying personality structure and drug of choice, were discussed.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1988

Differences in psychological need hierarchy between program completers and dropouts from a drug abuse treatment program.

Psychological need patterns among 116 drug addicts in treatment were measured with the Adjective Checklist. Compared to program completers, program dropouts had higher needs for autonomy and aggression and lower needs for deference, nurturance, and affiliation. This personality style may form the basis of dropping out, among certain types of addicts in certain types of programs, when faced with situational, environmental, or interactional stress. Results also suggest that we may be able to identify a personality pattern at risk for premature termination before the person experiences the impulse to leave.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Differences in psychological needs among drug abusers: first admissions compared to recidivists.

A group of 58 recidivists were compared with a group of 58 first-admission patients in drug abuse treatment, using the Adjective Checklist measuring basic psychological needs. Compared to the recidivists, the first-admission patients scored significantly higher in the needs for Exhibition, Autonomy, Aggression, and Change. A Personality composite for this need configuration was described, and the clinical implications of these results emphasized the need to give attention to the special needs of the patient who is in drug abuse treatment for the first time.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

A psychometric study of the prevalence of DSM-III personality disorders among treated opiate addicts.

Using the DSM-III criteria for personality disorders, prevalence rates of these disorders were evaluated, among opiate addicts in treatment, with a psychometric test--the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. We found that 27% of addicts met criteria for multiple personality disorders. While all 11 DSM-III disorders were diagnosed in our sample, the disorders of antisocial (22%), narcissistic (18%), borderline (16%), and dependent (16%) were more frequent among opiate addicts. These rates were compared to two similar studies that used SADS/RDC criteria with addicts, and the similarities and differences were noted. It is suggested that future research compare rates using both structured psychiatric interviews and psychometric tests to determine the extent of instrument variance on prevalence rates estimates.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

MMPI-derived prevalence estimates of homosexuality among drug-dependent patients.

Prevalence estimates of homosexuality among 225 drug-abusing clients in treatment were placed at 11%. The rate among Black cocaine free-basers was 17%, and among Black opiate users the rate was 10%. These rates are two to three times the rate of homosexuality among the general population. They may be an underestimation because of our inability to detect hidden homosexuality among those persons wishing to remain undetected in gender orientation.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1987

Pentazocine--naloxone: another "addiction-proof" drug of abuse.

Pentazocine, in combination with the antihistamine tripelennamine, was a popular drug of intravenous abuse in many large cities in the late 1970s and early 1980s. To stem the abuse of pentazocine, naloxone was added to the tablet. This would presumably allow oral activity, but naloxone would block the euphoria if the pills were injected. Abuse of pentazocine appears to have diminished, but we have recently treated three addicts who continued to inject pentazocine, despite its naloxone content. Two patients experienced no overall decrease in the drug-induced euphoria. The third patient became acutely psychotic with each injection. Hypotheses are advanced to explain these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Activity of two strong promoters cloned into Bacillus subtilis.

Two DNA fragments, one encoding the Escherichia coli trc promoter and the other encoding a sequence from the early region of Bacillus subtilis phage SPO1, were cloned into the B. subtilis promoter-probe vector pPL603. Both fragments effected strong in vivo promoter activity in vegetative B. subtilis cells.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1985

Reducing the treatment drop out rate in drug abuse programs.

Treatment dropout is to drug abuse programs as pain is to cancer. Despite the endemic nature of the premature termination phenomenon, we have successfully reduced patient attrition from 50% to 20%. This article describes our clinical and empirical exploration into the dropout process and presents the major administrative and clinical changes that reduced our dropout rate. Once staff decide that patient dropouts are a staff problem rather than a patient problem, effective intervention can begin.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1985

Thermoinducible transcription system for Bacillus subtilis that utilizes control elements from temperate phage phi 105.

We describe a thermoinducible-expression system for Bacillus subtilis which utilized an early promoter-operator sequence from temperate phage phi 105 and the thermolabile prophage repressor from the phage variant phi 105 cts23. The system operated at the transcriptional level to control expression in B. subtilis of the cat-86 gene derived from Bacillus pumilis. Details of the strategies used to isolate the early phage promoter are described. This promoter lay in close proximity to the prophage repressor gene on the phi 105 genome. The sequence of the early promoter differed from that of the vegetative B. subtilis consensus promoter by 1 base pair in both the -10 and -35 regions. We also present evidence that our phage-derived expression system could function in Escherichia coli to effect thermoinducible expression of the galK gene.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1985

Personality characteristics of drug addicts and alcoholics on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory.

The Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) was administered to 106 alcoholics and 100 addicts in separate VA inpatient rehabilitation treatment programs. The alcoholics scored higher on the personality style scales of Avoidant, Passive-Aggressive, Schizotypal, Borderline and Paranoid, while the opiate addicts scored higher on the Narcissistic personality disorder scale. Separate cluster analyses for both groups further revealed common personality styles among both groups. Several MCMI scales showed significant correlations with age, but in no case were the effects attributed to age larger than 5% of the total variance. The MCMI may alert clinicians to subtle similarities and differences between and among alcoholics and opiate addicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Personality dimensions related to premature termination from an inpatient drug abuse treatment program.

Comparison of 135 program completers and 65 dropouts from an inpatient drug abuse detox/rehab. unit on 29 variables (MMPI validity and clinical scales, 13 Wiggins Content Items, number of Grayson Critical Items selected, MacAndrews Alcoholism Scale, and Age) revealed few group differences with univariate analyses. Multivariate and stepwise discriminant function analyses resulted in selected variables that achieved 64-87% stay/leave classification accuracy, depending on method of application. However, when these functions were cross-validated on independent samples within the same program at 3-year intervals, the classification accuracy generally was reduced by 50% or more. Results suggest that (a) there are few individual MMPI indices that predict patients at risk for program attrition; and (b) "good" multiple regression equations may not generalize to independent samples across time. Conceptualizing the dropout process ontogenetically will facilitate further experimental refinement and clinical understanding.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of MMPI profiles of heroin addicts based on multiple methods of classification.

MMPI profiles of 442 male narcotic addicts in a drug treatment program were classified according to one of three methods: (a) highest 2-point code, (b) cluster analysis, and (c) concordance with common actuarial rules of profile fit. Profiles were then compared with those previously reported in the research literature. While each method resulted in slightly different perspectives, each reported modal profiles analogous to the 49'/94', 42'/24', and 48'/84' profiles. A frequency table of 33 different profiles by rates per thousand were presented as prototypal base rates for future comparison.

Adult↗