Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R K Gupta.
A case of thymoma was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology based on an intimate admixture of a biphasic cell population consisting of epithelial cells and lymphocytes from an intrathoracic mass. The diagnosis was later confirmed by light and electron microscopic examination of the tissue.
Recognition of diagnostic viral changes in general, and due to herpesvirus infection (HVI) in particular, from a variety of materials examined cytologically has added a new dimension to diagnostic cytology. Such recognition provides valuable information to the clinician when no infection is suspected. Previously, the diagnosis of HVI of the respiratory tract was only possible at postmortem, tissue culture, or diagnostic rise in antibody titer. This study describes our experience in the diagnosis of HVI of the respiratory tract initially suggested by sputum cytology and later confirmed by the immunoperoxidase method. The importance of sputum cytology in the diagnosis of HVI is emphasized.
Fine-catheter aspiration cytology of the peritoneal cavity is a new system for obtaining a sample of peritoneal cells in the absence of fluid or the need for lavage. Its potential use in the diagnosis of peritoneal malignancy is illustrated by two case reports.
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Average linewidths of methyl and methylene proton resonances of plasma lipoproteins from healthy controls and untreated cancer patients were measured in water-suppressed proton spectra obtained at 400 MHz. In contrast to a previous report (E. T. Fossel, J. M. Carr, and J. McDonagh, N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 1369 (1986] no statistically significant difference (P greater than 0.5) was found between the average linewidths in plasma samples from 20 normal controls (36.0 +/- 6.4 Hz) and 17 untreated cancer patients (34.6 +/- 6.3 Hz). When the effect of lactate was removed by graphical extrapolation, a small but marginally significant (P = 0.08) difference was observed between the average linewidths of the normal controls (35.1 +/- 5.8 Hz) and untreated cancer patients (31.8 +/- 5.2 Hz). However, there was still a large overlap between the two groups. In addition, substantial day to day variations in the linewidths of samples from the same individuals were observed. We conclude that these measurements cannot be used to detect cancer.
A radioimmunometric assay was developed from P3 lung carcinoma target cells to detect anti-lung cancer antibodies. Of 100 sera from lung cancer patients tested, 80 (80%) were positive. However, only 6/30 (20%) sera from cancer patients with other cancers, 1/25 (4%) of sera from patients with nonmalignant lung disease, and 0/20 sera from healthy donors were positive. Quantitative absorptions showed that sera from lung cancer patients cross-reacted with other lung cancers, gastrointestinal cancers, and/or fetal lung tissues, but not with breast carcinomas, melanomas, sarcomas, fetal skin, or normal lung tissues. Two lung cancer antigens were defined: LCA-1, which shared antigenic determinants with GI tumors and fetal lung tissues, and LCA-2, which showed cross-reactivity only with GI tumors.
The effect of heat (56 degrees C for 10 min), formaldehyde (0.1% at 37 degrees for 24h), glutaraldehyde (0.05% at room temperature for 10 min), thimerosal (0.02% at 37 degrees C for 24h), acetone-I (three treatments at room temperature) and acetone-II (three treatments at room temperature and fourth treatment at 37 degrees C), when used as inactivating agents in the preparation of pertussis suspension, was studied with regard to potency, toxicity and stability. Five batches each of Bordetella pertussis strains 134 and 509 were used for the study. The thimerosal inactivated pertussis (TIP) preparation was 1.5-2 times more potent than the heat inactivated pertussis (HIP) preparation. The potency values of the formaldehyde inactivated pertussis (TIP) and glutaraldehyde inactivated pertussis (GIP) preparations were similar to those of the HIP preparation, while the potencies of the acetone-I treated pertussis (A(I)TP) and acetone-II treated pertussis (A(II)TP) preparations were about half those of the HIP preparation. The FIP preparation was the least toxic showing maximum weight gain in the mouse weight-gain test (MGWT), while the TIP preparation did not pass the MWGT. The weight gains shown the GIP, A(I)TP and A(II)TP preparations were greater than those shown by the HIP preparation. The potency of pertussis component in the adsorbed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine was stable at 4-8 degrees C and 25 degrees C for three months for all types of pertussis vaccine. There was about 54-65% loss in the potency of the samples after three months at 35 degrees C. The inactivating agents used in the manufacture of pertussis preparations had no effect on the stability of the vaccine.
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The reverse indirect haemagglutination (RIHA) test has been standardized for the assay of the viral antigen of purified Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine. Glutaraldehyde fixed sheep erythrocytes were sensitized with ammonium sulphate purified antibodies to JE vaccine raised in mice. The sensitivity of the erythrocytes fell to about one hundredth of the initial sensitivity in the first two days after preparation. After initial loss in sensitivity the stability of the cells became stabilized and the cells retained their titre for one year at 4-8 degrees C. The initial loss in sensitivity was not reduced by storing the cells at -70 degrees C, but after freeze drying the sensitized cells with a stabilizer one day after their preparation the cells retained their sensitivity. The RIHA test has been found to be a highly reproducible and sensitive method for detecting viral antigen in 5-10 ng of protein nitrogen. The sensitivity of the test was affected by the origins of the erythrocytes, i.e. from the different sheep from which they were drawn. To obtain results more rapidly, goose erythrocytes were used in place of sheep erythrocytes and the sensitized goose erythrocytes gave RIHA results in only 40 min.
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The effects of different inactivating agents on the biological activity of the histamine sensitization factor of Bordetella pertussis toxin were examined. The agents were used for inactivation in the preparation of whole cell pertussis suspension. The histamine sensitizing activity was reduced to 36.9-13.3% by treatment with glutaraldehyde, to about 50% by treatment with formaldehyde and by the acetone-II treatment, relative to the reduction by heat treatment. Treatment with thimerosal and the acetone-I treatment did not reduce the histamine sensitizing activity as the 50% histamine sensitizing doses of the heat inactivated pertussis preparation, the thimerosal inactivated pertussis preparation and the acetone-I treated pertussis preparation were very similar. Glutaraldehyde has thus been found to be a better inactivating agent for the preparation of a safe pertussis suspension as it considerably reduced the histamine sensitizing activity of pertussis toxin.
The adsorbed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine containing glutaraldehyde inactivated pertussis vaccine passed the innocuity test only after one month's storage of the preparation at 4-8 degrees C when the adsorbed DPT vaccine containing pertussis vaccine inactivated by heat, formaldehyde, thimerosal or acetone did not pass the test. The adsorbed DPT vaccine became innocuous when it was stored at 4-8 degrees C. The innocuity test was passed more easily in guinea pigs than in mice.
The stability of cholera vaccine samples held at 4-8 and 20-25 degrees C for 2 1/2 years was studied with regard to the number of organisms, total nitrogen content and relative antigenicity. After this length of time, the percentage loss in the number of organisms averaged 10.7 at 4-8 degrees C and 22.7 at 20-25 degrees C. The maximum loss in number of organisms took place during the first six months and in the next two years there was very little loss in the number of organisms. The total nitrogen content after 2 1/2 years remained almost unaltered at these temperatures. All the ten samples had acceptable relative antigenicity for both the Inaba and Ogawa serotypes after exposure at 4-8 degrees C for 2 1/2 years, while at 20-25 degrees C only two samples for the Inaba serotype and one sample for the Ogawa serotype retained antigenicity within acceptable limits after the same time. The loss of antigenicity after 2 1/2 years at 20-25 degrees C in comparison with antigenicity at 4-8 degrees C ranged from 41.5 to 83.1% (mean 61.9%) for the Inaba serotype and from 47.3 to 80.3% (mean 65.1%) for the Ogawa serotype. From this study on the cholera vaccine manufactured at the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, it is concluded that the shelf life of cholera vaccine may be increased from 18 months to at least 24 months, when the vaccine is stored under refrigeration.
Ultrasound examination was conducted on 150 patients with hepatic amoebic abscesses. Twenty of 150 patients were found to have various complications such as direct thoracic involvement, peritoneal rupture, subphrenic collection, obstructive jaundice and ascites. Ultrasound examination of the liver is not only useful in demonstrating the abscess cavity but it also depicts the complications extremely well.
31P NMR spectroscopy was utilized to evaluate intracellular pH in erythrocytes from normotensive (n = 15) and from untreated (n = 16) and treated (n = 24) human essential hypertensive individuals. Intracellular erythrocyte pH was also measured in normotensive rats on different dietary calcium intakes as well as in volume-dependent deoxycorticosterone/saline and renin-dependent, 2 kidney, 1 clip (2K-1C) Goldblatt hypertensive rat models. Untreated essential hypertensives had significantly lower intracellular pH values compared with normotensive subjects [7.17 +/- 0.02 vs. 7.28 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM), significance level = 0.01]. Treated hypertensives had intracellular pH values indistinguishable from normotensives [7.27 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM)]. Similarly, pH values for each rat model varied inversely with blood pressure, regardless of whether increased dietary calcium intake lowered pressure (normotensive and deoxycorticosterone/saline hypertensive rats) or elevated it (2K-1C Goldblatt hypertensive rats). These results demonstrate that lower intracellular pH values are commonly observed in various hypertensive states and suggest that they may contribute to the pathophysiology of the hypertensive process. Alterations in intracellular pH may also underlie the clinically observed linkage of hypertension with other disease syndromes, such as diabetes mellitus and obesity.
During one year 27 potency assays of second International Standard of Pertussis Vaccine were performed, when the Indian Standard of pertussis vaccine was being standardized. In all the 27 assays, the 50% immunizing dose (ImD50) was calculated both by Wilson-Worcester method and by probit analysis. The ImD50 of the International Standard varied from 0.022 I.U. to 0.076 I.U. (Mean 0.041 I.U.) when it was calculated by Wilson-Worcester method and from 0.0226 I.U. to 0.0704 I.U. (Mean 0.0402 I.U.) when it was calculated by probit analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between ImD50 values calculated by Wilson-Worcester method and by probit analysis. The challenge dose of Bordetella pertussis in terms of LD50 units had no effect on the ImD50 values. The average slope (b) of the assays was 1.92 when calculated by probit analysis and the average homogeneity factor (alpha) in these assays calculated by Wilson-Worcester method was 1.73.
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