PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

R L Binder

Publications and source records attributed to R L Binder.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

An evaluation of the effects of culture medium osmolality and pH on metabolic cooperation between Chinese hamster V79 cells.

The Chinese hamster V79 cell metabolic cooperation assay indirectly measures an inhibition of intercellular communication through gap junctions and can detect many tumor promoters. The experiments described here were designed to determine whether culture medium osmolality and pH affect the endpoint of this assay, since hypertonic solutions and cytoplasmic acidification can uncouple gap junctions in other systems. Hypertonic concentrations of sucrose and mannitol in medium did inhibit metabolic cooperation, but these solutes were active over different ranges of osmolalities. In similar experiments, sodium chloride, choline chloride and sodium glucuronate had no effect on metabolic cooperation. Furthermore, data were obtained indicating that osmotic effects are not likely to contribute to the inhibition of metabolic cooperation by sodium saccharin. It is concluded that hypertonic culture conditions do not necessarily cause an inhibition of metabolic cooperation, and the properties of an added solute are important in determining the effects observed. Additionally, it was found that buffering the culture medium pH between approximately 6.6 and 7.7, during the period when test substances are normally present, had no effect on metabolic cooperation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism in Japan.

The authors studied neuroleptic drug response in 126 inpatients in Japan. They found similar prevalences and risk factors of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism in Japan and the West, despite cross-cultural differences in psychiatric practice.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

AIDS antibody tests on inpatient psychiatric units.

An antibody test for the causative virus of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) became commercially available in 1985. The author discusses the use of the AIDS antibody test on inpatient psychiatric units. She reviews the controversial legal and ethical questions related to its use, addressing such questions as Who should be tested for the AIDS antibody? When and to whom should the results of the test be disclosed? and How should the doctrine of "right to privacy" be balanced with the "duty to warn"?

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Predictive validity of judgments of dangerousness in emergency civil commitment.

The authors investigated the predictive validity of judgments of dangerousness made in the context of emergency civil commitment. The medical charts of 101 consecutive patients involuntarily admitted to a university-based acute inpatient unit were reviewed for evidence of violence within the first 72 hours of hospitalization. More than two-thirds of the patients committed as a danger to others engaged in some type of violence, compared with fewer than one-third of other involuntary patients. The findings suggest that the emergency commitment situation permits judgments of dangerousness with a relatively high degree of short-term predictive validity.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Prediction of therapeutic lithium dose: comparison and improvement of current methods.

The predictive value of two methods of predicting therapeutic lithium dose was evaluated in 19 patients. A single time point lithium level determination method, modified by the use of a 900-mg instead of a 600-mg test dose, was found to be a reliable and safe predictor. A mathematical model used for predictions was found to be moderately accurate but to generally predict a lower dose than was actually required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Patients who bring weapons to the psychiatric emergency room.

The personal characteristics of patients who brought weapons to a university hospital-based psychiatric emergency room were examined. During 14 months following implementation of a routine weapon-screening procedure, 37 (4%) of 1012 psychiatric emergency room patients were found to have weapons. These patients did not differ significantly from a randomly selected control group of non-weapon-carrying patients on a variety of demographic and clinical variables often associated with violence potential, although the weapon-carrying patients were more likely to be male and have a history of substance abuse. The heterogeneity of personal characteristics of weapon-carrying patients is likely to make them difficult to distinguish clinically from other patients. The findings have important implications for maintaining safety in the psychiatric emergency room.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Violence, civil commitment, and hospitalization.

The frequency of violent behavior and civil commitment leading to hospitalization of psychiatric patients was examined comparing the years 1973 and 1983. For each year, 150 patients were randomly selected among admissions to a locked acute psychiatric unit in a university setting. Medical charts were reviewed for descriptions of violent behavior, demographic information, and legal status. While the rate of preadmission violence did not change significantly between 1973 and 1983, there was a threefold increase in the proportion of patients admitted involuntarily as a danger to others. Possible explanations of the inconsistent application of civil commitment statutes are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Victims and families of violent psychiatric patients.

Previous studies that have addressed the issue of violence committed by psychiatric patients have primarily been concerned with determining the incidence of violence and defining the characteristics of the offenders. This study addresses the issues of who are the likely victims when psychiatric patients are violent and what are the situational and interpersonal factors that relate to this violence. Medical records of 300 patients admitted to a locked university-based short-term treatment unit were extensively reviewed to assess the presence or absence of preadmission violence. Fifteen percent of the 300 patients assaulted another person within two weeks prior to admission. Fifty-four percent of the violent patients assaulted a family member. There were no differences in demographic characteristics between violent patients who assaulted a family member and violent patients who assaulted someone outside the family, except for with whom the violent patient was living at the time of the assault. Patients who assaulted a family member were significantly more likely to live with family than were patients who assaulted someone outside the family. Sixty-four percent of the patients who assaulted a family member planned to return home to their family after discharge. We identified four types of families within which patients assaulted family members: multiple mental illness families, multiple violent families, delayed help-seeking families, and prompt help-seeking families. The implications of our findings for prevention of future violence are discussed, including the issue of outpatient civil commitment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Sex between psychiatric inpatients.

This report reviews the literature on the subject of sexual activity between psychiatric inpatients. The author discusses the psychological reasons why patients engage in sexual activity as well as the possible psychological effects. In addition, the author discusses medical considerations including concerns about injury, pregnancy, and venereal disease and legal implications including issues related to wrongful life, wrongful birth and deteriorating mental condition resulting from sexual activity. The report also discusses ethical issues, staff attitudes and various options for management of sexual activity between patients.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1985

Induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase systems in embryos and eleutheroembryos of the killfish Fundulus heteroclitus.

Microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity was highly inducible by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Fundulus embryos, and stages prior to the appearance of the liver rudiment were competent to respond to these inducers. Consistent with previous observations, basal AHH activity in whole eleutheroembryo microsomes was shown to increase about 9-fold within 24 h of hatching. Aminopyrine N-demethylase (APD) activity also increased with time after hatching. However, the increase in APD activity was much less than that of AHH activity, suggesting a post-hatching change in basal cytochrome P-450 isozyme composition. Also associated with hatching was an increase in the sensitivity to PCBs as inducers of AHH activity. The ED50 for induction of AHH activity in eleutheroembryos was estimated to be only one-third to one-fourth that in embryos. This developmental increase in the sensitivity to PCBs was not due to a redistribution of PCBs between the yolk and tissues with yolk absorption, and was not simply age-dependent, but appeared to require hatching. An additional change in the monooxygenase system associated with hatching was that microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity was not inducible by PCBs prior to hatching, but was modestly inducible after hatching. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of benzo[a]-pyrene (BP) metabolites formed by microsomes from control and PCB-treated eleutheroembryos demonstrated production of dihydrodiols in the 7,8- and 9,10-positions of the benzo-ring. The formation of these metabolites was completely inhibited by the epoxide hydrolase (EH) inhibitor, trichloropropene oxide, indicating the presence of EH in Fundulus eleutheroembryos. Furthermore, these results indicate the Fundulus eleutheroembryos probably can activate BP to its ultimate carcinogenic form, the 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, and induction of AHH activity by PCBs is likely to increase the rate of formation of activated metabolites from BP and related compounds. However, during the most active period of organogenesis, prior to hatching, basal AHH activity was low, and prehatching stages were relatively insensitive to cytochrome P-450 inducers. The combination of these effects may help to protect these stages from damage from activated metabolites.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Attitude change concerning right to refuse treatment: the impact of experience.

Forty-three medical students completed questionnaires about their attitudes toward the right to refuse treatment at the beginning and end of their psychiatric clerkship, during which time their clinical experience included exposure to involuntary psychiatric treatment. The students had a more favorable view of involuntary treatment after the clerkship; the change in attitudes was statistically significant. The authors hypothesize that the medical students' increased willingness to use seclusion and involuntary neuroleptic medication was due to exposure to agitated violent patients as well as experience with the beneficial effects of neuroleptic medication.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Microsomal electron transport and xenobiotic monooxygenase activities during the embryonic period of development in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus.

The developmental patterns of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity were followed during embryonic development in Fundulus. AHH activity was localized in microsomal fractions prepared from whole Fundulus embryos and eleutheroembryos. On the basis of this subcellular localization, the requirements of O2 and NADPH for activity, and sensitivity to carbon monoxide and cytochrome c inhibition, the AHH activity in Fundulus embryos and eleutheroembryos appeared to be cytochrome P-450 dependent. AHH activity was measurable in stages prior to the appearance of the liver rudiment, and during subsequent embryonic development the extrahepatic tissues were likely to have contributed substantially to the AHH activity measured. At all stages assayed before hatching, microsomal AHH specific activity remained uniformly low, but within 24 hr of hatching, AHH specific activity increased about ninefold. This posthatching increase in AHH activity was not age dependent, nor developmental stage dependent, but rather required hatching, and was not due to the presence of endogenous inhibitors in prehatching stages. The levels of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and AHH activity were not closely correlated in whole embryo and eleutheroembryo microsomes, but the AHH activity in these preparations apparently was not limited by the levels of the NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase. The presence of AHH activity in Fundulus embryos during the period of active organogenesis, prior to hatching, indicates that this species is likely to be susceptible to a variety of teratogens requiring metabolic activation, and this may be the case for other species of fish as well.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Xenobiotics in gametes of Lake Michigan lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) induce hepatic monooxygenase activity in their offspring.

Eggs spawned from Lake Michigan lake trout contain a number of xenobiotic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To assess whether this contamination is sufficient to induce hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase (MO) activity during early development, the hepatic MO systems of laboratory-cultured offspring of Lake Michigan, Green Bay, and Marquette Hatchery lake trout were compared. Additionally, the induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 systems in developing lake trout by the commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254), was characterized. During late embryonic development and at the swim-up stage, the hepatic MO systems of the feral lake trout offspring appeared induced, based on levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity that were 3.5- to 8.6-fold higher than the hatchery control levels. Furthermore, at the swim-up stage the feral trout offspring resembled A1254-treated hatchery fry with regard to the degree of inhibition of hepatic AHH activity by alpha-naphthoflavone, and the presence of an inducible Mr = 58,000 polypeptide in hepatic microsomes. The levels of aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, which was relatively unresponsive to inducers, were moderately lower in the Lake Michigan and Green Bay swim-up fry compared to the hatchery control levels. After 7 months of posthatching laboratory culture, when residues of xenobiotics present at fertilization were greatly diluted by growth, the hepatic MO systems of the Lake Michigan and hatchery trout offspring appeared essentially indistinguishable with regard to a number of parameters. These results indicate that the differences observed between the hatchery and feral trout offspring at earlier stages were not likely to have a genetic basis, but rather were due to a xenobiotic-type induction. Dose-response experiments and residue analysis data indicated that residues of commercial PCB mixtures were at least partially responsible for the effects described here. Overall, these data provide very strong evidence that contamination of Lake Michigan lake trout gametes by PCBs and possibly other xenobiotics caused induction of hepatic MO activity in their progeny. Fish embryos and fry with induced MO systems may have an increased sensitivity to the toxicity of certain environmental contaminants that are metabolically activated by cytochrome P-450.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Use of clonazepam in mania and schizoaffective disorders.

The authors report three cases in which clonazepam controlled the acute symptoms in one manic and two schizoaffective patients. Clonazepam treatment led to a decrease in agitation and logorrhea, without the side effects associated with neuroleptics.

Acute Disease↗