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Biomedical subjects

R Riley

Publications and source records attributed to R Riley.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Accidents in Canada: mortality and hospitalization.

For Canadians under 45, accidents are the leading cause of both death and hospitalization. For the Canadian population as a whole, accidents rank fourth as a cause of death, after cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and respiratory disease. This article analyzes accident mortality and hospitalization in Canada using age-specific rates, age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), and potential years of life lost (PYLL). The six major causes of accidental death for men are motor vehicle traffic accidents (MVTA), falls, drowning, fires, suffocation and poisoning. For women, the order is slightly different: MVTA, falls, fires, suffocation, poisoning and drowning. From 1971 to 1986, age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for accidents decreased by 44% for men and 39% for women. The largest decrease occurred in the under 15 age group. Accidents accounted for 11.5% of total hospital days in 1985, and 8% of hospital discharges. Because young people have the highest rates of accidental death, potential years of life lost (PYLL) are almost as high for accidents as for cardiovascular disease, although CVD deaths outnumbered accidental deaths by almost five to one in 1985.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1988

Nocturnal asthma: snoring, small pharynx and nasal CPAP.

We studied two populations of patients who snored and had frequent nocturnal asthma attacks: ten overweight men presenting with typical obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, and a group of five adolescents with regular snoring and an increase in negative inspiratory oesophageal pressure during stage II non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. All subjects presented cranio-mandibular abnormalities at cephalometric evaluation, with a narrow space behind the base of the tongue. Both populations were treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during sleep. Snoring and partial or complete airway obstruction were eliminated, as were the nocturnal asthma attacks. Two adolescents treated with upper airway surgery after nasal CPAP showed no nocturnal asthma at short-term follow-up. Nasal CPAP had no effect on daytime asthma. One hypothesis is that a subgroup of asthmatic patients with small pharynxes may have enhanced vagal stimulation during sleep compared with other asthmatic patients. This enhancement would be related to the repetitive Müller manoeuvres noted with airway obstruction during sleep. Combined with the local effects of snoring, this extra vagal stimulation would be a precipitating factor in nocturnal asthma attacks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

'Spiked' atropine.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1986

Small upper airway in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome infants and their families.

6 infants (index cases) from five different families had a near-miss sudden infant death syndrome event between 3 and 12 weeks of age and had polygraphically documented apnoeas during sleep. 4 of their siblings had died of SIDS. The index cases, their 4 living siblings, 10 parents, and 8 grandparents underwent respiratory studies during sleep. All the adults and 3 index cases had cephalometric X-rays. 2 index cases underwent volume computerised tomographic scans when awake and during sleep. Index cases had mixed and obstructive sleep apnoea. Several family members had obstructive sleep apnoea; cephalometric X-rays also showed small upper airways, particularly behind the base of the tongue. A small posterior airway at the level of the tongue may be a familial risk factor for apnoea of infancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Palatopharyngoplasty failure, cephalometric roentgenograms, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Nine patients with obstructive sleep apnea who underwent unsuccessful palatopharyngoplasty (PPP) as documented by polygraphic monitoring had abnormal cephalometric roentgenogram measurements. Findings indicated a small posterior airway space and inferiorly placed hyoid bone. Cephalometry performed with appropriate techniques to investigate soft tissue location should be obtained systematically in obstructive sleep apneic patients before any surgery is performed. The roentgenogram finding is a helpful guide in deciding whether PPP alone or PPP in combination with other surgical procedures would be more efficacious.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Sleep apnea in normal subjects following mandibular osteotomy with retrusion.

Two women, 43 and 46 years old, weighing respectively 51 kg and 49 kg, underwent mandibular osteotomy with retrusion, after which they began to snore heavily at night. The initial events were central; obstructive apneic and hypopneic events, documented by polysomnography, developed over time. When patient 2 was on her back, she frequently had central apneas (identified by esophageal pressure monitoring) preceded by increasing swings in pressure, indicative of increased airway resistance without oxygen desaturation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Obstructive sleep apnea and abnormal cephalometric measurements. Implications for treatment.

The position of the hyoid bone, which anchors much of the tongue musculature, is often abnormally low in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Cephalometric measurements, frequently used to measure SNA and SNB angles, can also provide information on the posterior airway space (PAS), the mandibular plane, and the hyoid bone. This information is useful in determining the appropriate surgical treatment for OSAS patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cephalometric analyses and flow-volume loops in obstructive sleep apnea patients.

Fifteen patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and 10 controls were studied. Polygraphic monitoring during sleep confirmed the presence or absence of OSAS. Ten OSAS patients and five controls had cephalometric analysis and 12 OSAS patients and five controls had a flow-volume loop study during wakefulness. Seven OSAS patients were submitted to both analyses. Flow-volume loops were unable to detect extrathoracic airway obstruction in six out of 12 OSAS patients. One control was found with positive results. Six out of seven subjects with positive flow-volume loops were overweight (greater than or equal to 30% ideal weight). Cephalograms were very useful in demonstrating mandibular deficiencies in OSAS patients. The length of the soft palate and the position of the hyoid bone, together with the measurement of the posterior airway space, are criteria of great interest in OSAS patients. Cephalometric analysis is recommended in all OSAS patients scheduled for surgical procedure. None of these tests, however, whether alone or in combination, is capable of identifying all cases of OSAS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Involuntary hospitalization in Canadian psychiatric inpatient facilities, 1970-1978.

This study is concerned with providing quantitative information on involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill in Canada. It presents national statistical data on involuntary hospitalization to provincial mental and psychiatric hospitals, and psychiatric units of general hospitals for the period 1970-1978. The data used are based on the statistical information on psychiatric inpatients collected by the Mental Health Program of Statistics Canada for the period 1970-1978. The data indicate a moderate decline in involuntary admission rates. Men had consistently higher involuntary admission rates and women had consistently higher voluntary admission rates for the same period. Of the total commitments 22% were to psychiatric units of general hospitals. A high commitment rate was found for the elderly. As this is the first national quantitative analysis, both in Canada and in the international literature, the information presented should provide a useful objective perspective for a historical review of involuntary admissions to mental and psychiatric hospitals and psychiatric units of general hospitals.

Adolescent↗