PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

Russell R Pate

Publications and source records attributed to Russell R Pate.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Enjoyment mediates effects of a school-based physical-activity intervention.

PURPOSE: The study evaluated whether targeted changes in factors influencing enjoyment of physical education (PE), physical activity enjoyment, and self-efficacy beliefs about participating in physical activity mediated the effect of the Lifestyle Education for Activity Program (LEAP) intervention on participation in physical activity. METHODS: High schools (N=24) paired on enrollment size, racial composition, urban or rural location, and class structure were randomized into control (N=12) or experimental (N=12) groups. Of the 4044 girls enrolled and eligible, 2087 (51.6%) participated in the measurement component of the study. There were 1038 girls in the control group and 1049 girls in the experimental group. INTERVENTION: LEAP was a comprehensive school-based intervention emphasizing changes in instruction and school environment designed to increase physical activity among black and white adolescent girls. It was organized according to the Coordinated School Health Program and included a PE component with core objectives of promoting enjoyment of PE, physical activity enjoyment, and self-efficacy. RESULTS: Latent variable structural equation modeling indicated that: 1) the intervention had direct, positive effects on physical activity and factors influencing enjoyment of PE, which subsequently explained the effects of increased physical activity enjoyment and self-efficacy on increased physical activity; and 2) an additional, indirect effect of physical activity enjoyment on physical activity operated by an influence on self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in enjoyment partially mediated the positive effect of the LEAP intervention. To our knowledge, we have provided the first experimental evidence from a randomized controlled trial linking increased enjoyment with increased physical activity among black and white adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cross-sectional relationships of exercise and age to adiposity in 60,617 male runners.

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: To assess in men whether exercise affects the estimated age-related increase in adiposity, and contrariwise, whether age affects the estimated exercise-related decrease in adiposity. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses of 64,911 male runners who provided data on their body mass index (97.6%) and waist circumference (91.1%). RESULTS: Between 18 and 55 yr old, the decline in BMI with weekly distance run (slope +/- SE) was significantly greater in men 25-55 yr old than in younger men (slope +/- SE: -0.036 +/- 0.001 vs -0.020 +/- 0.002 kg x m(-2) per km x wk(-1)). Declines in waist circumference with distance were also significantly greater in older than younger men (P < 10(-9)), that is, the slopes decreased progressively from -0.035 +/- 0.004 cm per km x wk(-1) in 18- to 25-yr-old men to -0.097 +/- 0.003 cm per km x wk(-1) in 50- to 55-yr-old men). Increases in BMI with age were greater for men who ran under 16 km.wk(-1) than for relatively longer distance runners. Waist circumference increased with age at all running distances, but the increase diminished by running further (0.259 +/- 0.015 cm x yr(-1) if running <8 km x wk(-1) and 0.154 +/- 0.003 cm x yr(-1) for >16 km x wk(-1)). In men 50-85 yr old, BMI declined -0.038 +/- 0.001 kg x m(-2) per km x wk(-1) run when adjusted for age and declined -0.054 +/- 0.003 kg x m(-2) (increased 0.021 +/- 0.007 cm) per year of age when adjusted for running distance. Their waist circumference declined -0.096 +/- 0.002 cm per km x wk(-1) run when adjusted for age and increased 0.021 +/- 0.007 cm per year of age when adjusted for running distance. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that age and vigorous exercise interact with each other in affecting men's adiposity and are consistent with the proposition that vigorous physical activity must increase with age to prevent middle-age weight gain.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Physical activity and active commuting to elementary school.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine if fifth-grade students who walked or bicycled to school on a regular basis were more physically active than those that did not. METHODS: The sample consists of 219 fifth-grade students (10.3 +/- 0.6 yr, 44% male, 58% minority) from eight randomly selected urban and suburban elementary schools. Students wore an Acti-Graph physical activity monitor during the same week that they completed a daily survey to report their mode of transportation to and from school. Students were categorized on the number of reported active commuting trips, to and from school, per week (regular;>or=5 (N=11), irregular; 1-4 (N=25), nonactive; 0 (N=183)). RESULTS: Compared with both other groups, regular active commuters accumulated 3% more minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; P=0.04) during weekdays. This weekday difference was because of regular active commuters accumulating 8.5% more minutes of MVPA both before and after school (P <or= 0.01). No difference in physical activity was seen among groups during school or in the evening. Based on the mean number of minutes the students wore their monitors on weekdays (800 min.d), the 3% difference translates into approximately 24 additional minutes of MVPA per day for the regular active commuters. CONCLUSION: Walking to school was associated with approximately 24 additional minutes of MVPA per day in fifth-grade students. Additional observational and experimental research in larger, more diverse samples is needed to further clarify the effects of active commuting to school on total daily physical activity and other health outcomes.

Bicycling↗
PubMed2005

Conducting accelerometer-based activity assessments in field-based research.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this review is to address important methodological issues related to conducting accelerometer-based assessments of physical activity in free-living individuals. METHODS: We review the extant scientific literature for empirical information related to the following issues: product selection, number of accelerometers needed, placement of accelerometers, epoch length, and days of monitoring required to estimate habitual physical activity. We also discuss the various options related to distributing and collecting monitors and strategies to enhance compliance with the monitoring protocol. RESULTS: No definitive evidence exists currently to indicate that one make and model of accelerometer is more valid and reliable than another. Selection of accelerometer therefore remains primarily an issue of practicality, technical support, and comparability with other studies. Studies employing multiple accelerometers to estimate energy expenditure report only marginal improvements in explanatory power. Accelerometers are best placed on hip or the lower back. Although the issue of epoch length has not been studied in adults, the use of count cut points based on 1-min time intervals maybe inappropriate in children and may result in underestimation of physical activity. Among adults, 3-5 d of monitoring is required to reliably estimate habitual physical activity. Among children and adolescents, the number of monitoring days required ranges from 4 to 9 d, making it difficult to draw a definitive conclusion for this population. Face-to-face distribution and collection of accelerometers is probably the best option in field-based research, but delivery and return by express carrier or registered mail is a viable option. CONCLUSION: Accelerometer-based activity assessments requires careful planning and the use of appropriate strategies to increase compliance.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of active commuting at urban and suburban elementary schools in Columbia, SC.

We directly observed the prevalence of walking and bicycling (active commuting) to 8 randomly selected urban and suburban elementary schools. When school was used as the unit of analysis, only 5.0% of the students actively commuted to or from school across all observed trips. Active commuting was not affected (P >/=; 18) by school urbanization level, school socioeconomic status, time of day, day of week, weather conditions, or temperature. These results indicate a need for school- and community-based interventions.

Bicycling↗
PubMed2005

Promotion of physical activity among high-school girls: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Many adolescent girls fail to meet national guidelines for physical activity, and the prevalence of obesity is increasing among this group. Our study examined the effects of a comprehensive school-based intervention on physical activity among high-school girls. METHODS: A group-randomized controlled field trial was conducted at 24 high schools. A school-based sample of 2744 girls (48.7% African American, 46.7% White) participated in a measurement protocol when they were in eighth and then ninth grade. A comprehensive physical activity intervention was designed to change the instructional program and the school environment to increase support for physical activity among girls. RESULTS: At follow-up, 45% of girls in the intervention schools and 36% of girls in the control schools reported vigorous physical activity during an average of 1 or more 30-minute time blocks per day over a 3-day period. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive school-based intervention can increase regular participation in vigorous physical activity among high-school girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Development and testing of a short physical activity recall questionnaire.

PURPOSE: To develop and test two different short telephone activity recall (STAR) questionnaires, one with closed-ended and the other with open-ended response options, that assessed overall moderate and vigorous activity in a usual week. METHODS: One hundred four participants completed a 3-d test-retest study, and 88 participants completed 10-14, 24-h physical activity recalls (24PAR) and at least 7 d of objective physical activity monitoring by Actigraph during a 28-d period. RESULTS: Consistency of classification from one administration to the next was high (65-92%), extreme inconsistencies between reports were infrequent (0-7%), and kappa values were between 0.50 and 0.75. Correlations between self-reports and criterion measures for moderate-intensity duration were between 0.30 and 0.40. Agreement between the instruments and the 24PAR for meeting the moderate or vigorous recommendations was between 60 and 70%. For the 24PAR comparisons, kappa values tended to be higher for women than men, but were of only modest strength (kappa 0.40). With the 24PAR as criterion, sensitivity of the self-report instruments was between 50 and 90%, and specificity was between 63 and 84%. Kappa values comparing the instruments with the Actigraph were low (<0.20). Overall classification by the short instruments into meeting the recommendations was associated with higher levels of total 24PAR activity (P < or = 0.01) as well as greater steps per day and counts per minute per day from the Actigraph (P < or = 0.08). The open-ended instrument appeared to perform better for moderate-intensity activity, whereas the closed-ended item appeared to perform better for vigorous activity. CONCLUSION: The evaluated instruments had reasonable reliability and demonstrated an ability to capture important differences in overall physical activity patterns in this population, although individual classification errors were substantial.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Self-efficacy partially mediates the effect of a school-based physical-activity intervention among adolescent girls.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of the Lifestyle Education for Activity Program (LEAP), a comprehensive school-based intervention emphasizing changes in instruction and school environment, on variables derived from social-cognitive theory (SCT) as mediators of change in physical activity among black and white adolescent girls. METHODS: Twenty-four high schools paired on enrollment size, racial composition, urban, suburban, or rural location, and class structure were randomized into control (n = 12) or experimental (n = 12) groups. There were 1038 girls in the control group and 1049 girls in the experimental group. The multicomponent intervention emphasized the enhancement of self-efficacy and development of behavioral skills by using curricular activities within physical education classes and health education instruction. The primary outcomes were self-efficacy, outcome-expectancy value, goal setting, satisfaction, and physical activity. RESULTS: Latent variable structural equation modeling indicated that: (1) self-efficacy and satisfaction exhibited synchronous, cross-sectional relationships with physical activity; (2) the intervention had direct effects on self-efficacy, goal setting, and physical activity; and (3) self-efficacy partially mediated the effect of intervention on physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence from a randomized controlled trial that manipulation of self-efficacy results in increased physical activity among black and white adolescent girls. The results encourage the use of self-efficacy as a targeted, mediator variable in interventions designed to increase physical activity among girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Influences of preschool policies and practices on children's physical activity.

The objective of this study was to determine if moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of 3-5 year old preschool children varied with differences in policies/practices, and overall quality of preschools. A total of 266 children (47% males, 60% African American) from 9 preschools were observed for 1 hour on 3 different days. PA of children was observed twice per minute and scored as 1-5, with 1 for stationary/motionless and 5 for fast movement. Summary MVPA was calculated over the 3 days as percent of times observed at levels of 4 or 5, and percent of time at levels 1 or 2 as sedentary activity. A structured interview about PA policies was conducted with an administrator at each preschool and overall quality of the preschool was assessed using Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised Edition (ECERS-R). Preschools were divided into groups according to whether a specific policy/practice that would be logically hypothesized to promote PA was in place at the school. MVPA differences between groups of children was assessed using mixed ANOVA controlling for preschool. When preschools offered more field trips, and more college educated teachers, the children participated in more MVPA. Children who attended preschools with lower quality spent more time in sedentary activity. In conclusion, children in preschools which may have more resources and better quality appear to show both more sedentary behavior and more MVPA.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Factorial validity and invariance of a self-report measure of physical activity among adolescent girls.

We examined the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the 3-day physical activity recall (3DPAR) using confirmatory factor analysis. Adolescent girls from two cohorts (N = 955, N = 1,797) completed the 3DPAR in the eighth grade; participants in Cohort 2 (N = 1,658) completed the 3DPAR again 1 year later in the ninth grade. The 3DPAR was best represented by two uncorrelated factors in Cohort 1. The two-factor, uncorrelated measurement model exhibited evidence of cross-validity between Cohorts 1 and 2. This model also exhibited configural and partial metric invariance between race and across time. Hence, the 3DPAR consisted of two uncorrelated factors underlying three indicators of both moderate and vigorous physical activity in this sample of Black and White girls across a 1-year period. The 3DPAR can be used in cross-sectional, prospective cohort and intervention studies that examine mediators and moderators of physical activity among Black and White adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Physical activities and sedentary pursuits in African American and Caucasian girls.

The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the specific physical activity choices and sedentary pursuits of African American and Caucasian American girls. Participants were 1,124 African American and 1,068 Caucasian American eighth-grade students from 31 middle schools. The 3-Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR) was used to measure participation in physical activities and sedentary pursuits. The most frequently reported physical activities were walking, basketball, jogging or running, bicycling, and social dancing. Differences between groups were found in 11 physical activities and 3 sedentary pursuits. Participation rates were higher in African American girls (p < or = .001) for social dancing, basketball, watching television, and church attendance but lower in calisthenics, ballet and other dance, jogging or running, rollerblading, soccer, softball or baseball, using an exercise machine, swimming, and homework. Cultural differences of groups should be considered when planning interventions to promote physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Exercise physiology and its role in clinical sports medicine.

Exercise physiology plays an important role in the practice of clinical sports medicine. Exercise physiology research has identified important effects of exercise on the body's systems, tissues, and cells. Ongoing research is investigating the role of exercise in subcellular, molecular, and chemical processes. Increasingly, sports medicine physicians and other practitioners are using the findings of this research to help athletes achieve peak performance, and nonathletes achieve better health through exercise. Many areas of sports medicine practice, including exercise testing, safety, performance evaluation, correction of training problems, and prevention of problems that affect specific populations (eg, older athletes, women, children), benefit from the application of exercise physiology theory and research. The continued demand for athletes at all levels to be better, faster, and stronger, combined with the national focus on getting all Americans involved in some form of physical activity, will require that sports medicine practitioners and exercise physiologists increasingly work together to optimize sports and exercise performance, health, and safety.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of two approaches to structured physical activity surveys for adolescents.

PURPOSE: To compare the test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and overall feasibility/ usability of activity-based (AB) and time-based (TB) approaches for obtaining self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from adolescents. METHODS: Adolescents (206 females and 114 males) completed two 3-d physical activity recalls using the AB and TB surveys, which contained identical lists of physical activities. The participants wore an MTI Actigraph accelerometer for the same period. RESULTS: The TB instrument took about 3 min longer to complete (P = 0.022). Overall 2-d test-retest correlations for MVPA were similar for the two surveys (r = 0.676 and 0.667), but the girls had higher reliability on the AB survey than the boys (girls: r = 0.713; boys: r = 0.568). The overall 3-d correlations for MVPA surveys and Actigraph counts varied by gender (girls: AB = 0.265 vs TB = 0.314; boys: AB = 0.340 vs TB = 0.277). Correlations for vigorous physical activity and Actigraph counts were higher for the AB than for the TB (r = 0.281 vs 0.162). As the interval between completing the surveys and the days being recalled increased, reliability and validity were lower, especially for the AB survey. CONCLUSION: For both genders, either approach is acceptable for obtaining MVPA information on a single day, but the TB approach appears to be slightly favored over the AB approach for obtaining multiple days of MVPA. A 3-d recall period appears to be too long for accurate recall of MVPA information from either instrument. For both genders, the surveys overestimated activity levels; thus, self-reports should be supplemented with objective data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Physical activity among children attending preschools.

OBJECTIVES: Obesity rates are increasing among children of all ages, and reduced physical activity is a likely contributor to this trend. Little is known about the physical activity behavior of preschool-aged children or about the influence of preschool attendance on physical activity. The purpose of this study was to describe the physical activity levels of children while they attend preschools, to identify the demographic factors that might be associated with physical activity among those children, and to determine the extent to which children's physical activity varies among preschools. METHODS: A total of 281 children from 9 preschools wore an Actigraph (Fort Walton Beach, FL) accelerometer for an average of 4.4 hours per day for an average of 6.6 days. Each child's height and weight were measured, and parents of participating children provided demographic and education data. RESULTS: The preschool that a child attended was a significant predictor of vigorous physical activity (VPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Boys participated in significantly more MVPA and VPA than did girls, and black children participated in more VPA than did white children. Age was not a significant predictor of MVPA or VPA. CONCLUSIONS: Children's physical activity levels were highly variable among preschools, which suggests that preschool policies and practices have an important influence on the overall activity levels of the children the preschools serve.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity among adults in a New England community.

BACKGROUND: Promotion of transportation-related physical activity is consistent with current national recommendations. However, few studies have simultaneously examined correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to 1002 adults residing in a Massachusetts suburb. The survey included measures of self-reported recreational and transportation-related physical activity and demographic, cognitive, interpersonal, and environmental variables potentially correlated with activity. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between environmental variables and the two outcomes. RESULTS: Respondents (n = 413) who averaged 51.2 +/- 16.8 years of age reported 132.3 +/- 140.5 min/week recreational physical activity and 142.1 +/- 180.9 min/week transportation activity. Sidewalks (P = 0.02) and traffic (P = 0.01) were each associated with higher levels of recreational physical activity in unadjusted analyses, but in models that controlled for age, self-efficacy for physical activity and family social support for physical activity, these environmental variables were nonsignificant. Three perceived environmental variables (enjoyable scenery, sidewalks, traffic) and one objective environmental variable (distance from home to a community rail-trail) each showed associations (P </= 0.05) with transportation-related physical activity in models that controlled for age and self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood physical environmental variables were associated with transportation physical activity, but not with recreational physical activity. Further research is needed to identify shared and unique correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity in urban, suburban, and rural settings.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Evaluating a model of parental influence on youth physical activity.

OBJECTIVE: To test a conceptual model linking parental physical activity orientations, parental support for physical activity, and children's self-efficacy perceptions with physical activity participation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The sample consisted of 380 students in grades 7 through 12 (mean age, 14.0+/-1.6 years) and their parents. Data collection took place during the fall of 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Parents completed a questionnaire assessing their physical activity habits, enjoyment of physical activity, beliefs regarding the importance of physical activity, and supportive behaviors for their child's physical activity. Students completed a 46-item inventory assessing physical activity during the previous 7 days and a 5-item physical activity self-efficacy scale. The model was tested via observed variable path analysis using structural equation modeling techniques (AMOS 4.0). RESULTS: An initial model, in which parent physical activity orientations predicted child physical activity via parental support and child self-efficacy, did not provide an acceptable fit to the data. Inclusion of a direct path from parental support to child physical activity and deletion of a nonsignificant path from parental physical activity to child physical activity significantly improved model fit. Standardized path coefficients for the revised model ranged from 0.17 to 0.24, and all were significant at the p<0.0001 level. CONCLUSIONS: Parental support was an important correlate of youth physical activity, acting directly or indirectly through its influence on self-efficacy. Physical activity interventions targeted at youth should include and evaluate the efficacy of individual-level and community-level strategies to increase parents' capacity to provide instrumental and motivational support for their children's physical activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Self-motivation and physical activity among black and white adolescent girls.

PURPOSE: The psychometric properties of the Self-Motivation Inventory for children (SMI-C) were established using tests of factorial validity, factorial invariance, latent mean structure, and predictive validity. METHODS: Adolescent girls from two cohorts (N = 955 and 1797) completed the SMI-C and measures of physical activity, team sport involvement, cardiorespiratory endurance, and body fatness in the 8th grade; participants in cohort 2 ( N= 1658) also completed the measures 1 yr later in the 9th grade. The data were analyzed with exploratory and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: The 20-item SMI-C was best represented by a single substantive factor, but there were method effects among the negatively worded items. CFA indicated that a single-factor model fit the nine positively worded items and exhibited strong evidence of cross-validity and factorial invariance between races and across 1 yr; there were no differences in latent means between black and white girls. SEM indicated that the nine-item SMI-C had direct effects on moderate (gamma(11) = 0.16) and vigorous (gamma(21) = 0.22) physical activity and team sport involvement (gamma(31) = 0.29); the effects were invariant between black and white girls, independent of cardiorespiratory endurance and body fatness, and consistent across a 1-yr period. CONCLUSION: The positively worded nine-item version of the SMI-C can be used in cross-sectional, prospective cohort, and intervention studies that examine self-motivation as a putative moderator or mediator of physical activity among black and white adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗