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Biomedical subjects

S A Rose

Publications and source records attributed to S A Rose.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Relations between infant neurobehavioral performance and cognitive outcome in very low birth weight preterm infants.

The predictive utility of three aspects of neonatal neurobehavioral performance was examined in 144 very low birth weight (< 1500 g) preterms who were followed until 6 years of age. Visual-following and auditory-orienting composites derived from the Einstein Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment Scale were modestly related to the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and IQ scores at several ages, whereas the active motility composite was only related to MDI scores at 1 year of age (corrected). Infants who showed deviant performance on both visual following and auditory orienting composites had significantly lower cognitive test scores at 1 and 6 years of age and were more likely to be classified as subaverage at 6 years of age (IQ < 85). Group differences were independent of both neonatal health status and motor scores and were not due to the performance of children with severe sensory impairments. These findings suggest that visual following and auditory orienting measured in the neonatal period can offer a useful way of indexing initial capacities.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1994

Relation between physical growth and information processing in infants born in India.

The relation between physical growth and cognitive development in infants growing up in India was examined in this study. Subjects were 183 5-12-month-olds. Weight and length, two anthropometric measures commonly used to index nutritional status in developing countries, related to infant measures of visual recognition memory and tactual-visual cross-modal transfer. Underweight infants performed relatively poorly on both cognitive measures and failed to show the clear age-related improvements in speed of processing found among the heavier infants. Weight and length correlated with both measures of infant cognition, r = .25 to r = .45, as did, to a lesser degree, head circumference. Although birthweight, previous illness, and parental education were also related to development, the relations between infant growth and cognition remained significant even after these variables were statistically controlled.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Infant information processing in relation to six-year cognitive outcomes.

As part of a longitudinal follow-up of full-terms and preterms, infant measures of information processing obtained at 7 months and 1 year were related to various 6-year outcomes: general intelligence, language proficiency, early reading and quantitative skills, and several facets of perceptual organization (N = 91). 7-month Visual recognition memory (VRM) was associated with 6-year performance in all domains, and 3 1-year measures--VRM, cross-modal transfer (CMT), and object permanence--were related to IQ and/or one or more specific outcomes (r's = .20 to .47). Many of the infant-childhood relations remain significant even with IQ partialed. Additionally, 7-month VRM and 1-year CMT scores were lower for infants who, at 6 years, were considered at risk for learning disabilities. Overall, measures from the first year of life predicted both specific cognitive abilities and IQ at 6 years; to some extent, the specific abilities were predicted independently of IQ.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Strategies for the assessment of pediatric gait in the clinical setting.

Clinical gait analysis is a term that can be applied to numerous methods of evaluating a subject's walking pattern. These methods may include observation, videotaping, electromyography, kinematics, kinetics, and energetics. Modern gait analysis is based on the integration of these component methods of measurement to derive a complete analysis of gait. The data may then be used to help determine the treatment course of a patient with ambulatory problems or to document the effects of treatment. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the individual components of gait analysis. Emphasis will be placed on the type of information that can be derived from each component and how the information may be used clinically. Normal pediatric kinematics and kinetics are provided with literature references for phasic electromyography and temporal and stride variables. Two case examples illustrate the clinical utility of gait analysis information applied to cerebral palsy in surgical decision making and orthotic assessment. Guidelines are also provided for the referral of patients to a gait analysis laboratory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Asymmetries in infant cross-modal transfer.

3 groups of 12-month-olds were tested for cross-modal and intramodal transfer of information about shape. Infants were given either visual (V) or tactual (T) familiarization and then tested for visual recognition (V-V, T-V) or tactual recognition (T-T, V-T). Transfer was tested after either 15, 30, or 60 sec familiarization. Overall, intramodal transfer was superior to cross-modal transfer. Whereas the V-V condition was easiest of all, the T-T condition proved easier than V-T cross-modal transfer, although it was no more difficult than T-V transfer; cross-modal asymmetries appeared, with T-V easier than V-T. The asymmetry in cross-modal transfer could not be explained by intramodal factors. Possible bases for cross-modal asymmetries were discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1990

The effects of irradiation and temperature on the immunological activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin A.

The effects of irradiation and temperature on purified staphylococcal enterotoxin A were investigated using sensitive ELISA systems. Thermal inactivation of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in phosphate-buffered saline was considerably faster at temperatures of 60, 70, 115 and 121 degrees C than at 90 and 100 degrees C. In gelatin phosphate buffer, staphylococcal enterotoxin A was completely inactivated by irradiation at 8.0 kGy; in a 15% mince slurry, however, 27-37% of staphylococcal enterotoxin A remained at this level of irradiation. Even at a dose of 23.7 kGy, 16-26% residual staphylococcal enterotoxin A could still be detected. Generally, increasing the mince concentration increased the protection against the effect of irradiation on staphylococcal enterotoxin A. However, the protective effect of mince at a concentration of 50% was less than at a mince concentration of 30%. Both irradiation and heat processing of food should only be used in conjunction with good manufacturing practices to prevent proliferation of microorganisms and toxin productions.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Characterization of cDNA clones encoding the extrinsic 23 kDa polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II in pea.

The 23 kDa polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II has been extracted from pea photosystem II particles by washing with 1 M NaCl and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence has been determined and specific antisera have been raised in rabbits and used to screen a pea-leaf cDNA library in lambda gt11. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of two clones provided the nucleotide sequence for the full 23 kDa polypeptide. The deduced amino acid sequence showed it to code for a mature protein of 186 amino acid residues with an N-terminal presequence of 73 amino acid residues showing a high degree of conservation with previously reported 23 kDa sequences from spinach and Chlamydomonas. Southern blots of genomic DNA from pea probed with the labelled cDNA gave rise to only one band suggesting that the protein is encoded by a single gene. Northern blots of RNA extracted from various organs indicated a message of approximately 1.1 kb, in good agreement with the size of the cDNA, in all chlorophyll-containing tissues. Western blots of protein extracted from the same organs indicated that the 23 kDa polypeptide was present in all major organs of the plant except the roots.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in dairy products by the reversed passive latex agglutination (SET-RPLA) kit.

The SET-RPLA is a commercially available kit for the detection of staphyloccal enterotoxins in foods. Previous reports have shown that non-specific reactions occur on use of the kit with cheeses and thereby restrict its use. In this study a variety of dairy products were tested and non-specific reactions were found to be associated with those products rennetted during manufacture. These reactions can be obviated by addition of 10 mM sodium hexametaphosphate to the diluent provided in the kit, without affecting the ability to detect staphyloccal enterotoxins in dairy products. The sensitivity of the SET-RPLA was demonstrated to be 0.25 ng/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Studies on the irradiation of toxins of Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus.

The effects of irradiation of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A (BNTA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in gelatin phosphate buffer and cooked mince beef slurries were investigated. Estimation of toxins by immunoassays showed that in buffer, toxins were destroyed by irradiation at 8.0 kGy; in mince slurries however, 45% of BTNA and 27-34% of SEA remained after this level of irradiation. At 23.7 kGy, over twice the dose of irradiation proposed for legal acceptance in the UK, 15% of BNTA and 16-26% of SEA still remained. Increasing concentrations of mince conferred increased protection against the effect of irradiation on both toxins. The biological activity of BNTA was more sensitive to irradiation than the immunological activity. Staphylococcal enterotoxin was more resistant to irradiation than BNTA. Irradiation should therefore only be used in conjunction with good manufacturing practices to prevent microbial proliferation and toxin production prior to irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Shape recognition in infancy: visual integration of sequential information.

To investigate the integration of visual information across space and time, infants watched the contour of a shape being traced out by a moving point source of light and then viewed 2 objects: 1 with the shape they had just seen traced and 1 with a novel shape. In the first study, which varied the number of tracings (velocity about 16.7 cm/sec), 12-month-olds looked longer at the novel object in all conditions, indicating that they recognized the similarity between the alternative object and tracing of like contour. Study 2, which varied velocity (14.7 and 7.4 cm/sec), stimuli, and the number of tracings, provided evidence for the generalizability of these results but indicated that performance suffered at the slower speed. Studies 3 and 4 held velocity constant (14.7 cm/sec) while varying the size of the tracings and age of the infant: 12-month-olds, but not 6-month-olds, recognized figures in instances where it took up to 10 sec to complete a single tracing. Because it took so long to complete many of the tracings, central rather than purely retinal mechanisms appear to be involved in integrating shape in these situations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Individual differences in infants' information processing: reliability, stability, and prediction.

A group of 46 full-term and 54 high-risk preterm (less than 1,500 grams birthweight) infants were tested at 6, 7, and/or 8 months of age (corrected age for preterms) on a battery of problems assessing visual recognition memory and tactual-visual cross-modal transfer. At all 3 ages, scores obtained on aggregates of 6-11 problems in the battery significantly predicted 3-year Stanford-Binet IQ: correlations ranged from r = .37 to r = .63, and clustered between r = .50 and r = .60. When aggregates from 2 or 3 ages were used as predictors, multiple correlations were as high as R = .60 and R = .70. Cutoffs for predicting children at risk for mental retardation (IQ less than 70) or cognitive delay (IQ less than 85) showed reasonable sensitivity and specificity, although low scores were poor at detecting IQs less than 70. The internal consistency of composites, indexed by alpha coefficients, was unexpectedly low, primarily because the problems shared little variance. However, stability coefficients between assessments as much as 1 and 2 months apart were moderate in magnitude, ranging from r = .30 to r = .50. Considering the high degree of predictive validity, the stability figures appear to be better estimates of reliability for these measures than are indices of internal consistency. The relations reported here were similar for both full-terms and preterms.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Information processing in seven-month-old infants as a function of risk status.

7-month-old full-terms and high-risk preterms (less than 1,500 grams at birth) were compared on problems of visual recognition memory and tactual-to-visual cross-modal transfer. On the visual problems, preterm infants showed significantly less differential attentiveness to novelty than full-terms. They also required longer exposure times during visual familiarization, primarily because of longer pauses between fixations. Preterms and full-terms exhibited different patterns of looking, as indicated by the duration of fixation and the frequency in shifts of gaze. On the cross-modal problems, preterms and full-terms both exhibited similar and significant preferences for familiar rather than novel stimuli, a direction of preference which suggests that these problems were relatively difficult for both groups. For the preterms, novelty and exposure-time scores were found to be related to several medical risk factors. Novelty preferences were compromised in preterms who had suffered RDS postnatally, particularly those who had required prolonged mechanical ventilation. In general, high-risk preterms exhibited deficits in visual recognition memory and in the ability to recruit, sustain, and shift attention.

Attention↗
PubMed1985

Visual recognition memory: a predictor of later cognitive functioning in preterms.

A number of preterms who had participated in a study of visual recognition memory when they were 6 months of age were seen at older ages to assess the predictive validity of the early visual measures for cognitive outcome. The Bayley scales were administered at 6, 12, and 24 months, the Stanford-Binet at 34 and 40 months, and the WISC-R at 6 years. Novelty scores, which reflect the relative amount of time infants look at new compared to familiar stimuli, constituted the measure of infant visual processing. These scores, obtained by averaging over performance on the 3 or 4 problems administered at 6 months of age, were consistently and significantly related to cognitive measures from 24 months to 6 years, with correlations ranging from r = .53 to r = .66. Parental education, which was unrelated to novelty scores, bore a strong relationship to outcome beginning at 24 months. Although both measures contributed uniquely to the variance in cognitive outcome at 24 months and 6 years, visual novelty scores made a stronger contribution than did parental education. Neither 6- nor 12-month Bayley scores, nor various perinatal variables, were related to outcome.

Child Development↗
PubMed1983

Differential rates of visual information processing in full-term and preterm infants.

This study investigated the effect of increasing familiarization time on the visual recognition memory of 6- and 12-month-old full-term and preterm infants. Infants were given trials in which they viewed a shape for either 10-, 15-, 20-, or 30-sec familiarization and were then tested for visual recognition memory using the paired comparison technique. While the older infants showed evidence of recognition memory after less familiarization time than the younger ones, at both ages preterms required considerably longer familiarization than full-terms. The pattern of performance replicates our earlier finding of developmental lags in the visual information processing of 6-month-old preterms and extends these findings to 12-month-olds. These results suggest that there are persistent differences between preterm and full-term infants throughout at least the first year of life in this very fundamental aspect of cognition.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Infants' cross-modal transfer from solid objects to their graphic representations.

12-month-old infants were familiarized either tactually or visually with objects and then tested for visual recognition memory using either (1) the familiar and a novel object, (2) colored pictures of the objects, or (3) outline drawings of them. In Study 1, infants showed recognition memory on all 3 visual intramodal problems but showed cross-modal transfer only when objects were used as test stimuli. With increased familiarization times in Study 2, transfer from tactually presented samples to both pictorial displays was achieved, indicating that after feeling an object the infants were able to recognize it visually solely on the basis of its contour. With reduced familiarization times in Study 3, there was no evidence for transfer from visually presented samples to the 2 pictorial displays, replicating the pattern of results observed cross-modally in Study 1 and suggesting that, at least in certain respects, cross-modal and intramodal perception follow similar principles.

Depth Perception↗