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S Partanen

Publications and source records attributed to S Partanen.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Fluorescence histochemical observations on the distribution of exogenous dihydroisoquinoline in the rat brain.

The distribution of fluorescence in the rat brain after i.p. or intracerebral (i.c.) injections of a fluorescent dihydroisoquinoline derivate of dopamine was studied. After low i.p. doses (50 mg/kg of body weight) the fluorescence was totally confined to the capillary endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex, neostriatum, and substantia nigra (Sn). After large i.p. doses (500 mg/kg) fluorescent material was also present in the neuropil of all the regions studied and some cells of the cerebral cortex and SN. Ater injections to the neostriatum or SN fluorescence was observed in the endothelial cells and some small to medium-sized rounded cells in both regions. A conspicious dark area contrasting with the background fluorescence was constantly present around capillaries, and this area was in contact with nonfluorescent multibranched cells of astrocytic type. In fluorescent cells the fluorescence was present both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Adrenergic innervation of blood vessels. A fluorescence microscopic study of the eighth nerve and inner ear structures in man.

Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the perivascular adrenergic innervation in the eighth nerve and vestibular end-organ specimens from 13 patients with otoneurological diseases. It was observed that all the blood vessels accompanying the cochlear and vestibular nerves from patients with acoustic neuroma or Meniere's disease were devoid of specifically fluorescent fibers, while several adrenergic fibers were seen around the arterioles accompanying the inferior vestibular nerve from the patient with sudden deafness.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1979

Adrenergic innervation of the eighth nerve and vestibular end organs in man.

Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the adrenergic, blood-vessel-independent innervation of the 8th nerve and inner ear specimens in patients with otoneurological diseases. Specifically fluorescent adrenergic axons were scantily seen among the myelinated nerve fibers in the 8th nerve and in the subepithelial regions of the end organs but not in the endolymphatic sac.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1979

Tryptophylglycine dipeptide in ACTH/MSH cells of the human hypophysis: its identification and studies on its antinociceptive effects in mice.

The ACTH/MSH cells of the pars distalis and pars intermedia of the mammalian hypophysis contain peptides with amino-terminal tryptophan which exhibit a strong fluorescence after treatment with modified formaldehyde vapour methods and with glyoxylic acid in the tissue sections from freeze-dried specimens. By homogenization of the hypophyses in ethanolic glyoxylic acid and subsequent heating the peptides can be converted to highly fluorescent beta-carboline derivatives; these can then be extracted with glacial acetic acid, separated by silica gel thin-layer chromatography and identified in UV light. Amino-terminal tryptophyl peptide from adult human hypophysis extracted and treated in this way gave the structure L-tryptophylglycine after acid hydrolysis. This structure was subsequently confirmed by producing a fluorescent derivative from authentic L-tryptophylglycine using the same reaction conditions as for the tissue homogenate. This derivative moved in the same way in thin-layer chromatography as fluorecent amino-terminal tryptophyl peptide extracted from human hypophysis. Thereafter a study was made of the antinociceptive effects of authentic L-tryptophylglycine administered subcutaneously in mice both alone and together with morphine. L-tryptophylglycine had no antinociceptive effects alone and neither did it change morphine antinociception. Also it had no apparent effects on the behaviour of mice. Thus, ACTH/MSH cells contain a dipeptide whose physiological function differs from the effects of ACTH, MSH and endorphins.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1979

Atrial acetylcholinesterase activity in various heart diseases of man.

Distribution and activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the human atrial myocardium was studied histochemically in a clinical series of patients subjected to cardiac surgery for (1) uncomplicated atrial septal defect (ASD), (2) ischaemic heart disease (IHD), (3) mitral and/or aortic valvular disease (VHD) necessitating replacement with a prosthetic valve, without major symptoms or signs of myocardial incompensation, or (4) clinically overt congestive heart failure (CHF) due to VHD prior to cardiac surgery. In all specimens, a rich distribution of acetylcholinesterase-positive single axons and small fascicles, constituting a three-dimensional nerve net, was observed within the myocardial tissue. This nerve net was obviously mainly parenchymatous, i.e. unrelated to the blood vessels. Small groups of acetylcholinesterase-positive small nerve cells were observed in some specimens, with loosely woven fascicles of axons emerging from one pole of the ganglia. No differences in the distribution of the acetylcholinesterase activity or in the pattern of the inbuilt intrinsic nervous apparatus were observed in the various groups of patients. All specimens were completely devoid of non-specific cholinesterase activity. It was concluded that (I) the human atrial myocardium is richly supplied with cholinergic intrinsic (post-ganglionic vagal) axons and (II) the acetylcholinesterase activity is not a major determinant of the parasympathetic abnormalities associated with cardiac diseases, especially with myocardial pump failure.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1978

Differentiation of two types of endocrine cells which take up amine precursors using their capacity to take up the fluorescent dihydroisoquinoline derivative of dopamine.

A study was made of the accumulation of the strongly fluorescent 2-carboxymethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium compound (2-Carb. Me-DIQ) derived from the condensation reaction of dopamine with glyoxylic acid in endocrine cells possessing the capacity to take up and store biogenic monoamine precursors. Thin-layer chromatographic studies of urine showed that 2-Carb. Me-DIQ was metabolized into two strongly fluorescent metabolites, possessing at least one hydroxyl group in the phenol moiety of the molecule, which were excreted in urine together with the parent compound. Histochemical observations, however, indicated that the tissue fluorescence showing maximal emission at 480 nm was due to 2-Carb. Me-DIQ. Generally, the injection of 2-Carb. Me-DIQ induced a strong fluorescence in those tissue components possessing the extraneuronal uptake mechanism of catecholamines. In the endocrine cells strong fluorescence was seen in the pineal glandular cells and in some cells of the pars distalis of the hypophysis, of which some cells also took up DL-5-HTP, as was seen following formaldehyde vapour treatment. No accumulation of 2-Carb. Me-DIQ was observed in the pancreatic islet cells, the C cells of the thyroid gland or the tracheal enterochromaffin-like cells. These findings lead to the conclusion that biogenic monoamines in the cells of the pars distalis of the hypophysis might use the phenolic moiety of the molecule to bind to some intracellular receptor. Thus, the pars distalis cells may have an intracellular binding mechanism for biogenic monoamines that is different from other endocrine cells showing the uptake and storage of biogenic monoamines. On the other hand, the findings gave further support to the suggestion that in the pancreatic islet cells, the thyroidal C cells and the tracheal enterochromaffin-like cells biogenic monoamines are stored by a mechanism in which the basic, positively charged amino group of biogenic monoamines is bound electrostatically to the anionic, negatively charged carboxyl group of a hormone storage granule. The pars distalis cells and the pineal glandular cells seemed to take up amines and amine derivatives in a similar manner. This suggests that in the pars distalis cells, too, biogenic monoamines have an active metabolism and possibly some regulative role in hormone synthesis and/or secretion.

5-Hydroxytryptophan↗
PubMed1978

Isolation and thin-layer chromatographic identification of several peptides with NH2-terminal tryptophan and their histochemical demonstration in the ACTH cells of the rat hypophysis.

Methods for the isolation and thin-layer chromatographic identification of amino-terminal tryptophyl-peptides presumably responsible for histochemical tryptophyl-peptide reactions in the ACTH cells of the rat hypophysis are described. In the hypophyseal extract several tryptophylpeptide bands--depending on the homogenization solution--were demonstrated on thin-layer chromatograms. Tryptophyl-peptides were demonstrated from their fluorescence induced 1) with glyoxylic acid (glyoxylic acid introduced into the homogenization solution), 2) by exposure of the chromatographic plates to combined formaldehyde and chloral vapour or 3) by exposure to combined formaldehyde and acetyl chloride vapour. A positive PAS reaction was demonstrated in some tryptophyl-peptide bands. Thus, some tryptophylpeptides seem to contribute to the observed PAS positivity of the ACTH cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The endocrine nature of the paranganglia of man.

Brightly fluorescent paraganglia were found in the retroperitoneal tissue of adult man. The histofluorescence properties of the paraganglia indicate the presence of tryptophyl peptides, which might be of endocrine importance.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The distribution and endocrine nature of the abdominal paraganglia of adult man.

The paraganglia of adult man were studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method for histochemical characterization of biogenic monoamines. Microspectrofluorimetry was used to record the emission spectra and fluorescence intensities of the paraganglionic cells. The study of samples from six patients showed that well vascularized paraganglia were widely distributed throughout the retroperitoneal spaces. The paraganglia exhibited strong FIF with the spectral characteristics of monamines. Treatment with HC1 caused an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the paraganglia and a simultaneous shift of the emission maximum from 480--495 nm. This change suggests the presence of high concentrations of tryptophyl-containing peptides and is not due to monoamines. The possibility of a dual endocrine function for the paraganglia is discussed.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1977

Studies of auricular catecholamines by fluorescence histochemistry in various heart diseases of man.

A comparative histochemical and clinical study concerning the state of the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the human atrial myocardium was carried out, using the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method. Specimens from the right auricular appendage were obtained during open-heart surgery from patients suffering from 1. ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 2. atrial septal defect of the secundum type (ASD), and 3. left-sided univalvular or multivalvular heart disease (VHD) with or without congestive heart failure (CHF) experienced prior to surgery. In the IHD group the densities of both the perivascular and the "free" myocardial adrenergic nerve net were greater than in the ASD group and especially in the VHD/CHF group. Secondly, the intensity of fluorescence of the adrenergic structures was generally higher in the IHD group than that in the VDH/CHF group. Further, the average size of the varicosities, the number of varicosities per given length of axon, and the proportional share of the large varicosities were greater in the IHD group than in the ASD and VHD/CHF groups. The difference between the IHD and ASD groups was not great but was obvious in any case. In some patients with VHD/CHF fluorescing axons were observed only occasionally, and the tiny varicosities exhibited a hardly discernible fluorescence. Thus the amount of noradrenaline (NA) in the adrenergic fibres in the IHD group seems to be higher than in the ASD and especially VHD/CHF groups. The level of NA in the IHD group is assumed to constitute a contributory factor in both intracellular metabolic changes and the systemic changes typical of myocardial ischaemia and infarction. In one patient with IHD and in six patients with VHD/CHF with significantly higher heart volume (mean+/-SD) compared with the rest of the patients (P less than 0.001), huge local axonal accumulations of NA in the form of "droplet fibres" were found. These enlarged, bulging adrenergic axons are assumed to be a consequence of mechanical trauma with stretching or disruption of the axons due to myodegenerative processes. It is further assumed that these "droplet fibres" are relatively common in those patients with diseased myocardium. They may constitute an extra contributory factor to the tendency to arrhythmiility of non-atuomatic tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Simultaneous demonstration of cholinesterases and glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence of catecholamines in stretch preparations.

A combined simultaneous method to demonstrate adrenergic nerves using glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence and nerves showing cholinesterase activity using the thiocholine technique is described in whole-mount preparations. The subcutaneous fascia and the right atrium of the heart of the rat and guinea-pig were used as tissue specimens, and the innervation patterns of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were demonstrated in UV and transmitted light. Technical points and the limitations of the method are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Fluorescence histochemical and electron-microscopical observations on the innervation of the atrial myocardium of the adult human heart.

The existence of both adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the atrial myocardium of the adult human heart was demonstrated by means of fluorescence induced by formaldehyde or glyoxylic acid and by electron microscopy. The adrenergic fluorescing axons (1) followed the course of blood vessels as typical perivascular nerve plexuses, and (2) formed a three-dimensional fairly dense nerve net obviously not related to the blood vessels. The varicosities frequently came into close apposition on myocardial cells. Several types of nerve terminals were differentiated at electron microscopy: (1) an "adrenergic" type containing small (diameter 450-700 A) dense-cored vesicles and usually (in various proportions) small "empty" and/or large (900-1500 A) dense-cored vesicles, (2) a "cholinergic" type containing small (ca. 500 A) "empty" vesicles and occasionally also some large (mean diameter ca. 1200 A) dense-cored vesicles, (3) a "pale" type containing only a few or no vesicles, (4) a "disintegrated" type containing degenerated mitochondria, autophagic vacuoles, and occasional normal-looking mitochondria, (5) nerve terminals containing a large number of mitochondria in addition to varying vesicle populations, and (6) a (possibly baroreceptive type of) nerve terminal containing myelinlike lamellated structures. The "disintegrated" and the "pale" types of nerve terminals possibly represent different stages of axonal degeneration, or may correspond to diminution in the transmitter substance concentration under certain pathophysiologic conditions, respectively. Nerve terminals crowded with mitochondria may be sensory and involved in mechano-or chemoreceptive functions. In preliminary experiments convincing evidence was obtained that the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method will be suitable for comparative studies on (human) clinical specimens, e.g., for analyzing the degree of the functional activity of the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the myocardium under various pathophysiologic conditions. The modification which appeared most appropriate for such studies is described in detail, and is proposed for use as a standard method in other similar or related studies on human clinical series. The essential criteria for analyzing the specimens at fluorescence microscopy are suggested as well.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Histochemically demonstrable monoamine oxidase activity in the adult human heart in various cardiac diseases.

The present work was undertaken in order to study the role of monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme in the genesis of altered cardiac noradrenalin level in the human heart in various underlying pathologic conditions. The histochemical localization and the activity of MAO were studied in the right atrial appendage of man in ischemic heart disease, in valvular heart disease without or with congestive myocardial failure, and in hearts with an uncomplicated atrial septal defect. MAO was found to be localized mainly extraneuronally in the muscle cells, a little activity was detected in the connective tissue spaces, and nerves reacting positively were tentatively identified. There were no significant differences in MAO activity measured photometrically between the various heart disease groups. It seems that MAO activity measured photometrically between the various heart disease groups. It seems that MAO enzyme plays only a small or no role in the genesis of the latered noradrenalin level in the human heart observed in ischemic heart disease or congestive cardiac failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Reactivity in tissue tryptophyl units in histofluorescence methods using carbonyl compounds.

The contribution of tissue tryptophyl residues, with both amino and carboxyl groups linked to the peptide bonds, to visible fluorescence was studied following various histochemical methods. Tryptophan residues of chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen exhibited visible fluorescence after (1) combined formaldehyde-HCl vapour, (2) combined formaldehyde and acetyl chloride vapour, and (3) glyoxylic acid vapour treatment.

Acetates↗
PubMed1976

Observations on the functional cytochemistry of pars intermedia of the rat hypophysis.

Light and electron microscopic histochemical reactions were studied in the cells of pars intermedia of the rat. The possible correlations between enzymatic reactions and endocrine functions of these cells were discussed. By combined formaldehyde and chloral vapour treatment the cells of the pars intermedia exhibited a strong yellow fluorescence suggesting the presence of a peptide or peptides with NH2-terminal tryptophan. Masked metachromasia after acid hydrolysis was probably due to these peptides. Only a weak or no alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and nonspecific esterase activity was observed in the cells of pars intermedia compared to the cells of pars distalis suggesting low production rate of hormone synthesis. Specific and non-specific cholinesterases were demonstrated light and electron microscopically constantly in the cells bordering the lobules. These cells probably represent a certain type of glial cells. In the other cells the enzymatic activities varied markedly in intensity and distribution showing different ultrastructural localizations. Thus cholinesterase activities in the cells of pars intermedia reflect possibly different functional stages of the cells in their hormone production, storage and secretion processes.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1975

Simultaneous fluorescence histochemical demonstration of catecholamines and tryptophyl-peptides in endocrine cells.

Simple and efficient fluorescence histochemical methods for the concomitant demonstration of tryptophyl-peptide-containing cells and dopamine-containing cells have been developed in this study. Combined formaldehyde and chloral vapour or solution of 5% glyoxylic acid monohydrate in n-butanol induced concomitantly strong yellow fluorescence in the tryptophyl-peptide-containing cells and moderate green fluorescence in the dopamine-containing cells in the sections of the freeze-dried adenohypophysis.

Acetates↗