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Biomedical subjects

S Patton

Publications and source records attributed to S Patton.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Comparison of the efficacies of three heartworm preventives against experimentally induced infections with Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in pups.

Forty 11- to 12-week-old helminth-naive Beagles were categorized by sex and weight and randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (group 1, ivermectin/pyrantel pamoate; group 2, milbemycin oxime; group 3, untreated control; group 4, diethylcarbamazine/oxibendazole). Each pup was inoculated PO with approximately 100 infective Ancylostoma caninum larvae and 100 larvated Toxocara canis eggs on day 0, and repeatedly at 7-day intervals thereafter until day 56. Administration of anthelmintics also began on day 0, and subsequent treatments were administered according to label recommendations at 30-day intervals (groups 1 and 2) or daily (group 4) for a period of 90 consecutive days. Body weight and A caninum and T canis fecal egg counts were measured at weekly intervals, and clinical observations of health status were conducted twice daily. Pups were euthanatized on day 90, and total gastrointestinal worm burdens were determined. Compared with mean A caninum egg counts of group-3 control pups, egg counts in group-1 pups were significantly (P < or = 0.0001) lower on every sampling days 35, 42, 49, 63, 70, 77, and 84, and were consistently the highest of all treated groups, and egg counts of group-4 pups were significantly (P < or = 0.0001) lower on every sampling date from day 14 to day 90, and were consistently the lowest of all treated groups. Compared with mean A caninum egg counts of group-3 pups, egg counts in group-1 and group-2 pups were lower by 97.8 and 90.8%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Risk factors associated with transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to sows kept in different management systems in Tennessee.

Of 3841 serum samples from sows received from the Tennessee State Diagnostic Laboratory in 1991-1992, 1130 were positive for Toxoplasma gondii antibody. The total number of farms sampled was 343. The observed seroprevalence was 36% for both years. A questionnaire that dealt with herd management practices was mailed to 303 of the swine farms that were sampled; 107 (35%) responses were returned and analyzed. There was no significant difference in the seroprevalence of T. gondii in the sows on the farms of respondents and non-respondents. From the analysis of the questionnaire, sows associated with cats were 2.6 times more likely to be seropositive for T. gondii than sows that were not associated with cats. Sows kept outdoors at any time were 23 times more likely to be seropositive than sows that were kept indoors. Sows on small farms (< 29 sows) were 4.5 times more likely to be seropositive than sows on large farms (> 29 sows).

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1995

Polymorphic forms of the epithelial mucin, PAS-I (MUC1), in milk of Holstein cows (Bos taurus).

The polymorphic epithelial mucin, PAS-I (also known as MUC1), in individual milk samples from 119 Holstein cows was resolved into bands on SDS-gels. Mobility indices established for these bands provided evidence of four and possibly five polymorphic forms. Sialic acid, a major component of the oligosaccharide portion of PAS-I, was removed from the mucin by treatment of milk samples with neurominidase. This reduced the mobility of the mucin bands but did not alter their mobility relationships within a sample or among samples. Consideration of evidence from this and other studies indicates that the four or five polymorphic forms correspond to alleles, which are inherited, one each from sire and dam, and co-dominantly expressed. It appears that the Holstein population may carry several more alleles for PAS-I than do Ayrshire, Jersey or Brown Swiss cattle. In addition to these breed differences, some remarkable molecular differences have been noted between MUC1 (PAS-I) of human and mouse suggesting that research regarding molecular evolution of this mucin could provide another approach to understanding relationships among species.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Associations of the epithelial mucin, PAS-1, with yield, health, and reproductive traits in Holstein dairy cows.

Five polymorphic forms of the epithelial mucin, PAS-1, were identified in milk by SDS-PAGE. The sizes of PAS-1 ranged from 194.5 to 163 kDa. Mature equivalent milk, fat, and protein yields and protein and fat percentages from 139 cows in The Pennsylvania State University herd were analyzed with two models. Both models contained a year and season combination of calving and parent average. In Model [1], yields were regressed on the mean size of PAS-1 either linearly or linearly and quadratically. Model [2] included PAS-2 phenotype as a discrete variable. Lactation mean of somatic cell scores (119 cows), number of times bred (136 cows), and days open (136 cows) were analyzed with the same two models excluding parent average (data not available). Mean size of PAS-1 was not linearly related to the traits evaluated. The effects of PAS-1 phenotypes as a discrete variable were significant for mature equivalent fat and protein yields, fat percentage, number of times bred, number of times bred restricted to 3, and days open restricted to 150 d. Overall, there was little indication of an important linear or quadratic relationship between PAS-1 size and traits measured.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Empowering women: improving a community's health.

Community Health Aides (volunteers) were trained to become health resource persons in their own community. The curriculum for the training sessions was modeled after the Camp Health Aide Program, which is based on the belief that with information and support, migrant farmworkers can make changes in their lives and environment to improve their health and the community's health.

Arkansas↗
PubMed1994

Cloning of PBDX, an MIC2-related gene that spans the pseudoautosomal boundary on chromosome Xp.

The pseudoautosomal boundaries are the interface between pseudoautosomal and sex chromosome-specific DNA sequences. We have isolated a gene, PBDX, from the human pseudoautosomal boundary region of Xp. The three exons at the 5' end of PBDX are situated in the pseudoautosomal region immediately downstream of MIC2, whereas the other seven exons are in the X-specific region. Hence, PBDX is inherited in two modes: its 5' end is pseudoautosomally inherited and its 3' end is X-linked. The predicted amino acid sequence of the 540 bp coding region is 48% homologous to 12E7, the product of MIC2. By virtue of its position, PBDX becomes an excellent candidate for the XG blood group gene.

12E7 Antigen↗
PubMed1994

Detection of large fragments of the human milk mucin MUC-1 in feces of breast-fed infants.

Evidence is growing that high-molecular-weight glycoproteins (mucins) of human milk bind to certain pathogenic microorganisms and thus could interfere with their colonization of the infant gut. This investigation sought to determine whether one of the two principal milk mucins, MUC-1 (also known as PAS-0 and episialin), persists into the feces. Fecal samples from seven breast-fed and seven formula-fed infants, aged from 20 days to 6 months, were analyzed. Glycoproteins in the specimens, solubilized with sodium dodecylsulfate, mercaptoethanol, and heat, were resolved by gel electrophoresis. The gels were blotted on nitrocellulose sheets that were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies specific for epitopes in the tandem repeat region of MUC-1. Mucin fragments of approximately 200,000 MW were detected in specimens from three of the seven breast-fed subjects; only one of them showed evidence of the intact mucin. Four breast-fed and all seven formula-fed babies were negative for the mucin in their stools. While these results provide evidence of a variable degree of breakdown, we speculate that MUC-1 resists degradation in the gut and thus may help bind host-detrimental microorganisms and inhibit their colonizing and infecting actions.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Parasites of wild felidae in Thailand: a coprological survey.

Ninety-two fecal samples were collected from leopards (Panthera pardus, n = 54), tigers (P. tigris, n = 19), and leopard cats (Felis bengalensis, n = 3) in Huai Kha Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand; four samples that may have come from clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) or Asian golden cats (Felis temminicki) were identified as from small to medium cats. Twelve samples were identified as from large cats. Samples preserved in 10% formalin were examined for parasite eggs, larvae, cysts, and oocysts by centrifugal sugar flotation and sedimentation techniques. Ninety-six percent of all samples were positive, including 94% of the leopard, all of the tiger, clouded leopard, golden cat, and leopard cat samples. Diagnostic stages were identified from Paragonimus sp., Echinostomatidae, Dicrocoeliidae, Pseudophyllidea, Taeniidae, Mesocestoides sp., Hymenolepididae, Acanthocephala, Spiruroidea, Gnathostoma sp., Molineus sp., Ancylostomoidea, Mammomonogamus sp., Toxocara sp., Toxascaris sp., Metastrongyloidea, Capillaria spp., Isospora sp., Toxoplasma-like, Sarcocystis spp., and Giardia sp.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Diffusion of nitric oxide in the aorta wall monitored in situ by porphyrinic microsensors.

Porphyrinic sensors were used for the in situ monitoring of nitric oxide release and diffusion in the endothelial cell, as well as its subsequent diffusion from the endothelial cell through the muscle cells found in the rabbit aorta. The experimental data was compared with that predicted based on Fick's equation for linear diffusion. A time delay of 1.5 s between prediction and experimental concentration of NO due to its chemical reactions was observed at the distance of 100 microns from endothelial cell. About 37% of the NO produced is consumed in chemical reactions in the aorta.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Pulmonary arterial changes in feline dirofilariasis.

Eleven cats with spontaneous dirofilariasis were necropsied; ten were domestic shorthairs and one was a Persian. The cats ranged in age from 1 to 10 years, and 6/11 cats were male. One to three heartworms were present in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries of each of the 11 cats. Patchy areas of rugose thickening of the intima of the pulmonary trunk and marked villous endarteritis of lobar and medium-sized pulmonary arteries were observed. Affected larger vessels were partially occluded by large villous intimal proliferations that were lined by hyperplastic endothelial cells supported by connective tissue stroma. Moderate to marked infiltration of eosinophils and mononuclear inflammatory cells was consistently observed in the intima of affected larger pulmonary arteries. Thrombosis of pulmonary arteries was seen in five cats. Medial hypertrophy, mild intimal proliferative changes, and focal infiltrations of leukocytes were seen in small pulmonary arteries. Lesions indicative of right-sided heart failure consisting of right ventricular dilation and chronic passive congestion of the liver were observed in four cats.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum infection in dogs: 805 cases (1980-1989).

Clinical records of 6,977 dogs examined at the small animal clinic of the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine from January 1980 through December 1989 were analyzed to determine the prevalence and changing frequency of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum infection. Using the Knott's test on these dogs, 805 (11.54%) tested positive for microfilariae, with D immitis in 430 dogs (6.16%), and Dip reconditum in 375 dogs (5.37%). Statistical analysis confirmed that the prevalence of D immitis and that of Dip reconditum were essentially equal in the population of dogs included in this study. There was a slight decrease in the prevalence of D immitis over the 10 years examined, but the prevalence of Dip reconditum remained constant. The results were not affected by year-to-year variability in the number of examinations performed. On the basis of our findings, in eastern Tennessee, those veterinarians who diagnose heartworm infection by the presence of microfilariae without differentiating the species involved, risk misdiagnosing 50% of the cases. If the patterns of prevalence seen in recent years continue, the chances of error may actually increase.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis on Iowa swine farms with an emphasis on the roles of free-living mammals.

Multiparous sows from 19 central Iowa swine farms were tested for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii by the modified direct agglutination test. Antibody titers of 1:32 or greater were considered positive. Rodents, domestic cats, opossums (Didelphis virginiana), raccoons (Procyon lotor) and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) were live-trapped on each farm and similarly tested for antibodies. The overall prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in the species tested was 39/273 (14.3%) swine, 31/74 (41.9%) cats, 2/588 (0.3%) house mice (Mus musculus), 0/21 mice of the genus Peromyscus, 0/9 Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), 1/34 (2.9%) opossums, 4/14 (28.6%) raccoons and 2/7 (28.6%) striped skunks. The overall prevalence was significantly greater in adult cats versus juvenile cats, adult male cats versus adult female cats, and adult raccoons versus juvenile raccoons. The prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in sows was compared with the prevalence in each non-swine species on a farm basis in order to identify existing associations. The prevalence in sows (and each of the non-swine species) was also analyzed on a farm basis for association with farm characteristics or swine management practices, including the degree of confinement of swine, population size and average parity of breeding female swine, estimated cat population size, and estimated mouse and rat abundance. Average titers of seropositive animals were compared on a species basis. The prevalence in sows which were totally and continuously confined was lower than that in sows which were not totally and continuously confined. The prevalence in sows from farms with an average parity of less than 2.0 was significantly lower than that in sows from farms with an average parity of 2.0 or greater. These results suggested that the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in swine increased with age and that prevalence in swine could be reduced through total confinement. No associations could be established between prevalence in sows and prevalence in non-swine species or other farm characteristics/swine management practices. However, the high prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in cats suggested that fecal contamination of the environment by cats may be the most significant source of toxoplasmosis for swine. The extremely low prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in house mice suggested that this species was not an important source of T. gondii for swine in Iowa.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Presence and genetic polymorphism of an epithelial mucin in milk of the goat (Capra hircus).

1. Analysis of individual samples of goat's milk by SDS-PAGE confirmed that they contain a polymorphic, high molecular weight (M(r) greater than 205 kDa) glycoprotein. 2. On SDS-gels, the polymorphism takes the form of two bands of variable mobility which usually stain with equal intensity. This polymorphism resembles that detected in milk mucins of other species and is best explained by an expression of codominant genes containing variable numbers of a tandemly repeated 60-base segment. 3. Analysis of milk fractions provided evidence that the goat mucin is exclusively a membrane protein, and that it can be purified from other fat globule proteins by gel filtration and peanut lectin affinity chromatography. 4. Among proteins in the goat milk fat globule, the mucin appears to be a strong immunogen but the resulting antibodies applied to Western blots only stained the cow's milk mucin mildly and the guinea pig and human milk mucins not at all.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Genetic polymorphism of the epithelial mucin, PAS-I, in milk samples from the major dairy breeds.

Genetic polymorphism in a mucin of the human milk fat globule arises from variable numbers of a tandemly repeated amino acid sequence. As a consequence, the gene from each parent expresses a variable-sized protein. This is manifest on SDS gels in the form of either one or, more often, two protein bands, which differ among individuals in mobility. Evidence of such polymorphism in the bovine mucin, PAS-I, was first obtained from Holstein milk samples. The objective of this study was to evaluate the other major dairy breeds for polymorphism of their PAS-I. Milk samples from individual Jerseys, Guernseys, Ayrshires, and Brown Swiss were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Bands of the mucin varying in number and mobility were seen in samples from all four breeds. In three of the breeds (Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Jersey), there was evidence that two alleles for PAS-I may have become predominant, possibly through degeneration in the structure of their tandem repeats, one that gives rise to a faster moving mucin (relative molecular weight 170,000) and the other to a slower form (relative molecular weight 200,000). In contrast, the PAS-I band patterns on SDS gels for both Guernseys and Holsteins were characterized in nearly 50% of samples by two close bands near the 205,000-molecular weight marker. This pattern was never seen in the other three breeds. The findings suggest a genetic kinship among the Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, and Jersey, on the one hand, and between the Holstein and Guernsey, on the other.

Alleles↗
PubMed1992

Serologic response of the opossum Didelphis virginiana to a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts-4) of Toxoplasma gondii.

A study was designed to measure the Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM and IgG antibody responses of opossums inoculated with tachyzoites of the temperature-sensitive mutant of T. gondii, ts-4, and to examine its persistence in the tissues. Four young opossums seronegative for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies immediately after capture and 4 wk later were injected subcutaneously with 1.8 x 10(6) ts-4 tachyzoites; a fifth opossum (also seronegative) received an injection of saline only. Serum was collected weekly and titered by modified direct agglutination for anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG. IgM titers were detectable from week 1 to week 6 postinoculation (PI). IgG was measurable by week 3 and remained high for 30 wk PI when the opossums were killed and examined. The control opossum did not develop a specific antibody response. At necropsy major lesions were not found. No anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgG was detected in serum collected from mice injected with tissues prepared from the opossums at necropsy, and no T. gondii was found on impression smears made at necropsy from these mice. Modified direct agglutination performed with or without 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol worked well for measuring specific IgM and IgG antibodies in experimentally infected opossums.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1991

Molecular cloning and analysis of the mouse homologue of the tumor-associated mucin, MUC1, reveals conservation of potential O-glycosylation sites, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains and a loss of minisatellite-like polymorphism.

We present here the full-length cDNA sequence and genomic structure of the mouse homologue of the tumor-associated mucin, MUC1. This mucin (previously called polymorphic epithelial mucin) is present at the apical surface of most glandular epithelial cells. The mouse gene, Muc-1, encodes an integral membrane protein with 40% of its coding capacity made up of serine, threonine, and proline, a composition typical of a highly O-glycosylated protein. The mucin core protein consists of an amino-terminal signal sequence, a tandem repeat domain encoding 16 repeats of 20-21 amino acids, and unique sequence containing transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Homology with the human protein is only 34% in the tandem repeat domain, mainly showing conservation of serines and threonines, presumed sites of O-linked carbohydrate attachment. Homology rises to 87% in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, suggesting that these regions may be functionally important. The pattern of expression of the mouse mucin is very similar to that of its human counterpart and accordingly the two promoter regions share high homology, 74%, although previously identified potential hormone-responsive elements are not conserved. Interestingly, the mouse homologue, unlike its human counterpart does not exhibit a variable number tandem repeat polymorphism. We present evidence that suggests that the mouse gene was at one time polymorphic but has mutated away from this state.

Amino Acid Sequence↗