Chemoprophylaxis after occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus in forensic autopsy.
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Anti-HIV Agents↗
Biomedical subjects
S Tsunenari
Publications and source records attributed to S Tsunenari.
[The 4th international conference of World Police Medical Officers in Clinical Forensic Medicine in Kumamoto, Japan].
The World Police Medical-Officers in Clinical Forensic Medicine (WPMO) is an international conference on practice of forensic medicine and clinical forensic medicine to be taken place every three years. Its 4th international conference (WPMO-1996-KUMAMOTO) was held on 19-23 August 1996 in Kumamoto, Japan. A total of 294 participants, 89 overseas from 18 countries and 205 domestic, were attended. Four plenary lectures and 67 free papers were presented in the conference. Such social programs as welcome reception, one-day-tour, citizen's home visit, banquet etc were carried out. The two plenary entitled 'Current Status of Practice of Forensic Medicine in U.S.A.' by Prof. Thomas T. Noguchi and 'Origins and Development of the Police Surgeon Services in U.K.' by Dr. Reginald A. Bunting were tape-recorded and presented in this report as references of future activities of forensic medicine in Japan.
Coroners and Medical Examiners↗
[Neuropathological diagnosis of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type in forensic autopsy cases].
Senile dementia of Alzheimer's type is frequently an underlying cause of accidental death of elderly persons. Neuropathological diagnosis of dementia is therefore crucial to assess the contribution of dementia to the cause of accident. The authors applied two conventional neuropathological criteria described by Khachaturian and Mirra, et al. to three forensic autopsy cases of dementia-related accidental death. In all cases, the number of neocortical senile plaque, a hallmark of dementia, could not fulfill both criteria. This result indicates that foregoing neuropathological criteria derived from fully developed dementia are hardly applicable to elderly persons who died in an early stage of dementia in forensic settings. Further investigation will be required to establish a diagnostic criterion of early stage of dementia.
Aged↗
[Application of AmpliType PM kit to forensic sciences].
Five genetic loci, low density lipoprotein (LDLR), glycophorin A (GYPA), hemoglobin G gammaglobin (HBGG), D7S8 and group specific component (GC), can be identified in a single step by the AmpliType PM kit. The kit uses multiplex PCR amplification and hybridization by a reverse dot blot method. To introduce the new marker system in forensic caseworks in Japan, a relevant Japanese population database must be established. In this context, the allele frequencies of the 5 genetic loci were determined for 246 unrelated Japanese. The allele frequencies were LDLR*A 0.173, LDLR*B 0.827, GYPA*A 0.528, GYPA*B 0.472, HBGG*A 0.352, HBGG*B 0.648, HBGG*C 0.000, D7S8*A 0.612, D7S8*B 0.388, GC*A 0.258, GC*B 0.504 and GC*C 0.238, respectively. In all 5 systems, the genotype frequencies are in good accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The power of discrimination (PD) of LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC were 0.449, 0.624, 0.600, 0.612 and 0.788, respectively, resulting in a combined PD of 0.993, while these 5 DNA types could be determined from slaiva and semen. And the GYPA or GC genotypes were observed to have good relations with the MN and serum Gc phenotypes. The AmpliType PM kit was confirmed to be a reliable DNA typing system which was well suited for use in forensic sciences.
Alleles↗
Forensic medicine: education and practice in Japan.
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Journal Article↗
[Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with biohazard in the practice of legal medicine (2). Equipment and practical applications. The Medico-Legal Society of Japan, Committee on Expert Opinions].
In May, 1993, our committee of the Medico-Legal society of Japan published an article entitled "Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Infection with Biohazard in the Practice of Legal Medicine" in The Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine. Concerning this article, we received a lot of useful comments and opinions from many members of the society, for which we are very grateful. We also received a lot of requests for further information concerning details on the equipment and its practical applications. Since a lot of departments of Legal Medicine at several universities throughout Japan at present are remodelling their facilities in order to be able to perform autopsies, with respect to such circumstances, our committee felt the need to provide information on basic conditions concerning the prevention of transmission of infections with hazards.
Containment of Biohazards↗
Differentiation between bruises and putrefactive discolorations of the skin by immunological analysis of glycophorin A.
In a differential study to distinguish bruises from putrefactive discoloration, glycophorin A, a component of the erythrocyte membrane, was extracted from discolored skins and detected by immunological methods utilizing an anti-glycophorin A serum. Skin samples of 18 bruises, 8 postmortem hypostasises and 7 putrefactive discolorations were removed from 27 bodies in which postmortem intervals ranged from 4 h to 2.5 months. In 13 out of the 18 bruises (72.2%), glycophorin A was detected by the immunological methods. It was noted that glycophorin A was detectable even in a severely putrefied body 10 days after death. In contrast, no glycophorin A was detected in any of the postmortem lividities or the putrefactive discolorations. These results suggest that the absence of glycophorin A does not always indicate a skin discoloration of postmortem origin, but a positive glycophorin A reaction does indicate a skin discoloration due to bruise.
Contusions↗
Purification of blood-group substances in human hepatic bile (HHB) and immunological characterization of anti-HHB serum.
Blood-group substances (BGS) in human hepatic bile (HHB) of blood type A were purified 3657-7314-fold by ethanol sedimentation and column chromatography with DEAE Sephadex A-50 and Concanavalin A Sepharose 4B. An anti-HHB serum was raised by immunizing rabbits with the purified BGS in the HHB. Cross-reactions of the native anti-HHB serum with such human materials as type A blood cell, plasma, seminal fluid and saliva were eliminated by stepwise sequential absorptions with type A red blood cells, type O seminal fluid and type AB plasma. Precipitin titers of the native anti-HHB serum were x 320 and x 80 and those of the absorbed anti-HHB serum x 80 and x 20 against the immunogen and HHB, respectively. Organ and species specificity of the absorbed anti-HHB serum was checked by counter immunoelectrophoresis. It reacted specifically only with the immunogen and HHBs of various ABO blood types. No reactions with animal gallbladder biles were observed. In practical examinations, the specific anti-HHB serum identified 15 out of 20 (75%) HHB samples and 41 out of 46 (89%) human faeces samples. No reactions with animal gallbladder biles and animal faeces were observed.
ABO Blood-Group System↗
[Two unusual cases of half-sibling test with DNA polymorphism].
In usual paternity cases, the putative man and the mother-child couple are alive. However, there are some cases in which putative man and mother were deceased and only children were available for analyses. It is difficult to determine the presence or absence of half-sibling relationship from analyses of conventional blood group markers (CBGM). In this study, five kinds of single locus DNA probes were applied to 2 half-sibling cases. To decide usefulness of single locus DNA probes, we defined likelihood ratio of half-sibling (LRHS) based on the likelihood ratio of paternity (LRP) and also investigated the distribution curves of log10 LRHS in cases of unrelated combinations and half-sibling combinations. Distribution curves of log10 LRHS from DNA analyses in the cases of unrelated combinations and half-sibling combinations is more clearly separated than from CBGM. Single locus DNA probes are considered to be more informative for half-sibling cases.
Blood Group Antigens↗
[Studies on quantitative analysis of paraquat in whole blood--the evaluation of pre-treatments and analytical methods].
Paraquat and diquat are bipyridylium herbicide, which fatal poisoning cases have been reported in recent years. There are a number of methods for the pre-treatment and analysis of paraquat in body fluids and postmortem tissues. But the combined evaluation of these pre-treatments and analytical methods can be hardly found in literatures. We have carried out quantification of paraquat in whole blood with various combinations of pre-treatments and analytical methods, and evaluated those with respect to the sensitivity, recovery, time and cost. Non-treatment sample was a diluted solution of whole blood containing an aliquot of paraquat. The pre-treatments were achieved using two sorts of protein precipitants or Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. HPLC, second-derivative spectroscopy and ELISA were selected as analytical methods for quantification of paraquat. The most sensitive methods were combination of protein precipitants or Sep-Pak C18 and ELISA, but a combination of protein precipitant of sulfosalicylic acid and second-derivative spectroscopy was found to be more rapid and economical method. These methods would be applicable in forensic and clinical laboratories.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
[Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with biohazard in the practice of legal medicine. The Medico-Legal Society of Japan, Committee on Expert Opinions].
In Japan recently there arose a sudden need for special guidelines concerning medicolegal autopsy and the handling of medicolegal materials. In this respect, the Medico-legal Society of Japan, Committee on Expert Opinions has produced a guideline, entitled "Recommendations for Preventing Transmission of Infection with Biohazard in the Practice of Legal Medicine", which was then introduced to all members in Legal Medicine. This guideline contains First: Explanations about the most important types of Biohazard diseases, the dangers and ways of transmission. Second: Explanations concerning preventive measures in medicolegal autopsy, for handling of medicolegal materials and investigation samples, also concerning the equipment and tools within the autopsy room, as well as measures for correct disinfection. These guidelines, form the base on each department of the Medico-Legal Society of Japan, are asked to adjust their own practical manual in order to improve the safety of autopsy conditions.
Forensic Medicine↗
Differentiation of discolouration in a body by an erythrocyte membrane component, glycophorin A.
In a differential study to distinguish antemortem bruise from postmortem infiltration of haemoglobin on the skin, a component of erythrocyte membrane, glycophorin A was extracted from experimental bruise and haemoglobin infiltration lesions over set periods of time. This extraction was accomplished by utilising anti-glycophorin A serum, after which the difference between the two lesions was evaluated. The glycophorin A was recovered from the bruise lesions satisfactorily up to the ninth to twelfth days and showed good resistance to putrefaction. In contrast, no glycophorin A was detected in haemoglobin infiltration lesions taken at any time. Glycophorin A was also detectable in human vital bruises which were taken in autopsies of four hours to ten days postmortem. These results suggest that a differential diagnosis of antemortem bruise and postmortem haemoglobin infiltration is possible in advanced stages of death.
Autopsy↗
Studies of felonious crimes by the University Department of Forensic Medicine in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.
This paper gives an understanding of Japan in the respect of forensic medicine. The fight against felonious crimes in Kumamoto is introduced by reference to the police system, crime statistics, an association of police surgeons and medico-legal autopsy in Kumamoto Prefecture. The police have 23 local police stations with 2,670 police officers and the unique Hashutsu-sho and Chyuzai-sho systems. The crime rate is not very high, but crimes committed by Yakuza groups and traffic accidents are major problems in Kumamoto. Medico-legal autopsy is performed in the university department on only criminal and suspected cases after examination of the body externally by a police surgeon. Two illustrative cases are also introduced in this report, which shows good cooperation among the police force, the university department of forensic medicine, and police surgeons in Kumamoto, Japan.
Adult↗
Genetic polymorphism of human factor H (HF, beta 1H globulin) in Chinese Han population in northeast China.
The distribution of human factor H of serum phenotypes were studied using ultrathin polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIEF) and subsequent immunoblotting techniques in 203 Chinese of Han population in Liaoning Province of northeast China. The gene frequencies of HF*A and HF*B were 0.4828 and 0.5172, respectively. All the observed numbers of the phenotypes were in agreement with the expected numbers under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The gene frequencies among Chinese, Japanese, and Caucasian populations were compared.
China↗
Genetic polymorphism of complement component C6, C7 and C8(1) in Chinese Han population in northeast China.
Distributions of complement phenotypes, C6, C7, and C8(1) were studied using thin agarose gel isoelectric focusing (AGIEF) or ultra-thin polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIEF) and subsequent immunoblotting techniques in 203 Chinese Han population in Liaoning Province of northeast China. The gene frequencies were as follows: C6*A 0.4704, C6*B 0.5049, C6*B2 0.0148, C6*B3 0.0049, and C6*M 0.0049; C7*1 0.8251, C7*2 0.1108, C7*3 0.0320, and C7*4 0.0320; C8(1)*A 0.5567 and C8(1)B 0.4433, respectively. All the observed numbers of the phenotypes were in agreement with the expected numbers under the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The gene frequencies among Chinese subpopulations and other various populations were compared.
Asian People↗
[Trace analysis for drugs and poisons in human tissues].
Despite continuous developments of analytical techniques in terms of sensitivity and accuracy, uncountable increase in number of chemical substances are brought into the field of forensic sciences to be analyzed. Based on the idea that progress in analytical technique to cope with the change of situation is always required, a research team including 10 members was organized to set up the most advanced methods at present to analyze the important drugs and poisons in biological materials for forensic purposes. Stimulant drugs such as methamphetamine and amphetamine were studied on the improvement of extraction procedure prior to mass spectrometric analysis. A conventional solvent extraction method was replaced by an extraction technique using Extrelut column. The technical procedure was simplified and the accuracy of measurement was improved. The changes in CO-Hb concentration in the whole blood in storage was examined with regard to the lapse of time and temperature, where a differential spectrophotometry was used. Useful information could be obtained from practical aspects. Analytical conditions of gas chromatography were revised on volatiles including alcohols, especially as to column conditions. The use of capillary column was recommended for sensitivity and peak separation. The optimum conditions for detecting barbiturates in the blood were examined. The combination of Sep-pak C18 cartridge with a capillary column for gas chromatography using nitrogen phosphorus detection was found preferable. Mass spectrometry of various kinds of local anesthetics was studied. Quantitative analysis of the drugs was examined on gas chromatography with a surface ionization detector. Three types of insecticides including organophosphorus, chlorinated and fluorine compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in order to establish a sensitive and selective method. The detection limits, calibration and reproducibility were examined. Herbicide, paraquat, was examined on the sensitivity, recovery, required time and costs in connection with methods of pretreatment and analytical procedure. A secondary spectrophotometry was found useful practically. Antimony in biological tissues was analyzed, using a flameless atomic absorption spectrometer with carbon tube atomizer. The time for analysis was reduced, and sensitivity was improved. Immunoassay method was examined from general aspects on drugs and hormones. Using antibodies specific to haptens, the dynamics of such antigens as drugs and hormones in the body tissues were observed. Interfering substances at the time of toxicological analysis were checked in order to obtain reliable information. Exact identification was found possible by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As described above, the research was made from the practical aspects of forensic toxicology, and meaningful results could be obtained from each study.
Animals↗
A differential study between antemortem bleeding and a postmortem infiltration of hemoglobin.
In a differential study to distinguish antemortem bleeding from a postmortem infiltration of hemoglobin, glycophorins, a component of the erythrocytic membrane, were extracted from two experimental skin tissue models, i.e., skin samples taken on autopsy into which healthy human blood was injected, and skin samples undergoing a postmortem infiltration of hemoglobin; this extraction accomplished by utilizing an anti-glycophorin serum over set periods of time, after which differences between the two models were then evaluated. In all of the bleeding samples from day 0 to day 9, and in 40% of the 12-day-old bleeding samples, glycophorins were clearly detected qualitatively by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and by double-immunodiffusion. In the remaining 12-, 15-, and 18-day-old bleeding samples, glycophorins were only faintly detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Additionally, in a quantitative study by rocket-immunoelectrophoresis, the mean glycophorin value of 0-day-old bleeding samples was 118.5 +/- 5.6 micrograms per 0.5 g of tissue. Further, the recovery of glycophorins from the bleeding samples was satisfactory for up to 9 days, though after 12 days there was a rapid glycophorin decrease. In 15- and 18-day-old bleeding samples, the mean glycophorin values were 19.3 +/- 1.0 and 17.8 +/- 1.0 micrograms per 5 g of tissue, or about 16% and 15% of the 0-day values, respectively. In contrast, no glycophorins were detected in any of the hemoglobin-infiltrated skin samples or our control samples at any time interval. These results suggest that a differential diagnosis between antemortem cutaneous bleeding and postmortem hemoglobin infiltration into the tissue is achievable within 9 to 12 postmortem days.
Cadaver↗
[Detection of anti-horse serum antibody produced by injecting an antivenin or antitoxin (Report 2)].
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Adolescent↗