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T Decsi

Publications and source records attributed to T Decsi.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Plasma amino acid concentrations, indexes of protein metabolism and growth in healthy, full-term infants fed partially hydrolyzed infant formula.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that feeding extensively hydrolyzed infant formula influenced the availability of arginine, glycine, histidine, lysine and threonine in full-term infants investigated during the first 2 months of life. In the present study, the nutritional effects of feeding partially hydrolyzed formula (PHF) were investigated. METHODS: Term infants fed conventional formula (F; n = 11) or PHF (n = 11) were investigated at the ages of 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Anthropometric data were obtained, and plasma amino acid concentrations and biochemical indices of protein metabolism were measured. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations (in micromoles per liter) of lysine on day 90: 117 (21) versus 143 (24); of threonine on day 30: 140 (53) versus 263 (87); of ornithine on day 90: 56 (21) versus 78 (29); and of tyrosine on day 30: 52 (17) versus 77 (20), on day 60: 56 (14) versus 87 (19) and on day 90: 46 (9) versus 81 (17) were significantly lower in infants receiving PHF than in those fed F. Values are median (range from 1st to 3rd quartile), PHF versus F; p < 0.05. At day 120, infants fed PHF showed significantly lower serum albumin concentrations than did infants receiving F (43.3 +/- 3.4 versus 48.9 +/- 3.5, g/l; mean +/- SD; p < 0.05). Serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid and total protein concentrations and gain in weight, length, and head circumference did not differ throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, feeding PHF did not affect the majority of plasma amino acid concentrations, some indices of protein metabolism, and basic parameters of growth in full-term infants. However, plasma concentrations of lysine, threonine, tyrosine, ornithine, and albumin were, on at least one occasion, significantly lower in infants fed PHF than in those receiving F.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Effects of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma amino acids and indices of protein metabolism in infants: results from a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Previous studies in vitro and in animals in vivo found that alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3omega3) may enhance oxidative damage of essential amino acids. We investigated whether the addition of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) arachidonate (C20:4omega-6; AA) and docosahexaenoate (C22:6-omega3; DHA) in the form of egg phospholipids to infant formula affects plasma amino acid concentrations and indices of protein metabolism in term infants. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized clinical trial, healthy infants were fed from day 5 of life formula with or without preformed LCPUFA (n = 10 and 12, respectively). At the age of 5 days and 1, 2, 3 and 4 months, blood samples were obtained and analyzed for plasma amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and for plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. RESULTS: At the age of 3 months, plasma threonine concentrations were significantly lower in infants receiving dietary LCPUFA than in controls (124 +/- 16 vs. 216 +/- 28 micromol/l, p < 0.05). Values of other plasma essential amino acids, total protein, albumin, creatinine and urea nitrogen did not differ between the two feeding groups throughout the study. At the age of 5 days, plasma phospholipid AA and DHA concentrations were inversely correlated with histidine concentrations (AA: r = -0.60, p = 0.01; DHA: r = -0.53, p < 0.05). At the age of 3 months, DHA concentrations were inversely related to plasma histidine, methionine and threonine concentrations (r = -0.66, -0.62, and -0.64, respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The dietary LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula used in this study has no adverse effects on infant plasma amino acid concentrations and indicators of protein metabolism. Nonetheless, the apparent interaction of LCPUFA with some amino acids in formula-fed infants warrants further investigation.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in full term infants fed formula supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol.

UNLABELLED: Recent data indicate that supplementation of infant formula with omega-3 and omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids might offer developmental benefits for full term infants. We investigated biochemical consequences of feeding formula supplemented with egg lipids to provide long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and compared triglyceride, cholesterol, lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL2-cholesterol, HDL3-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol) and apolipoprotein A-I, A-II and B concentrations in full term infants fed either conventional formula (n = 10) or a formula supplemented with omega-3 and omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol in amounts similar to those found in mature human milk (n = 12). At the age of 5 days, cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in infants fed supplemented than in those receiving conventional formula. At the age of 30 days, triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher with supplemented than with conventional formula. Thereafter throughout the study, no significant differences were seen between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Full term infants fed formula supplemented with omega-3 and omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol showed significantly higher plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations than infants receiving conventional formula on day 5 and on days 5 and 30, respectively. Thereafter no appreciable effect of diet on plasma phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol, lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein concentrations were seen.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Reduced plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in obese boys.

Plasma alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene concentrations were significantly lower in obese boys than in control subjects (medians: 3.41 versus 7.46 mg/L and 0.038 versus 0.078 mg/L, respectively, p < 0.05). The differences remained significant after correction for lipidemia. These reduced plasma concentrations of the major lipid-soluble antioxidants in obese children may add to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Metabolic aspects of trans fatty acids.

The consumption of trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids has been associated withuntoward metabolic effects. Several clinical investigations demonstrated that trans fatty acids increase plasma LDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) and reduce HDL-cholesterol concentrations. These alterations of plasma lipid profiles indicate an atherogenic effect of trans fatty acids. Both in preterm infants and in healthy children aged 1-15 years, we found blood plasma arachidonic acid (C20:4omega-6) levels and the product/substrate ratios of arachidonic acid synthesis (C20:4omega-6/C18:2omega-6) inversely correlated to the level of the principal trans fatty acid, trans octadecaenoic acid (C18:1omega-9/7, trans), which is compatible with a dose-dependent inhibition of arachidonic acid synthesis by trans fatty acids. Moreover, in premature infants trans fatty acids in blood plasma correlated inversely with birth weight in an observational study, indicating that trans fatty acids may impair early human growth. It appears desirable to limit the dietary intake of trans fatty acids. The major dietary sources of trans fatty acids are partially hydrogenated vegetable and fish oils. Refinement of the industrial technology of partial hydrogenation and appropriate food labelling may lead to a considerably decrease of human exposure to trans fatty acids.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Essential fatty acids in clinically stable children with propionic acidaemia.

Disturbances of fatty acid metabolism with accumulation of odd-chain fatty acids have been reported in propionic acidaemia (PA). It is not known whether the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) is also affected. In five clinically stable children with PA (median age 8 years, range 3.5-9.5 years; median percentage fibroblast propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity 0.8, range 0.8-1.5), we determined the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and sterol esters and compared the results with those of 18 age-matched healthy controls. Odd-numbered fatty acids were found in all samples of PA patients but in controls median values were zero. Percentage contributions of substrate (linoleic acid, C18:2 omega-6) and principal product (arachidonic acid, C20:4 omega-6) of omega-6 LCPUFA synthesis did not differ between patients and controls. Similarly, there were no differences between both groups in the substrate (alpha-linolenic acid, C18:3 omega-3) and principal product (docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6 omega-3) of omega-3 LCPUFA formation. We conclude that disturbances of fatty acid metabolism in clinically stable children with PA do not affect LCPUFA synthesis.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on arachidonate and docosahexaeonic acid in healthy infants in the first four months of life].

Fatty acid compositions of plasma phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG) and sterol esters (STE) were measured by high resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography in formula fed healthy infants at the ages of 5 days and 1, 2, 3 and 4 months. The infants were randomly assigned to receive either conventional infant formula (F, n = 10) without long-chain polyunsaturates (LCP) or the same formula supplemented with LCP (LCP-F, n = 12) in amounts and ratios similar to those characteristic to human milk. From the age of 1 month onwards, percentage contributions of the principal omega-6 LCP, arachidonic acid were significantly higher in plasma lipids of infants fed LCP-F than in those receiving conventional formula without dietary LCP. Values of the principal omega-3 LCP, docosahexaenoic acid were also significantly lower in the infants fed conventional formula than in those receiving LCP-F throughout the study. The data obtained indicate that from the formula supplemented with LCP both arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids were effectively absorbed and incorporated into infantile plasma lipids. Recent data of the literature suggest that supplementation of infant formula with LCP may beneficially influence visual and psychomotor development also in healthy, term infants.

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1996

Arachidonic acid supply and metabolism in human infants born at full term.

Infants need arachidonic acid (AA; C20:4n-6) for eicosanoid synthesis and deposition in growing tissues, including brain. Human milk supplies preformed AA in amounts considered to meet accretion in membrane-rich tissues, but vegetable oil-based infant formulas do not contain AA. We studied two groups of ten healthy infants, each fed human milk or formula, and analyzed plasma lipid composition. Percentage contributions of AA to plasma phospholipids were stable over two months after birth in breast-fed infants, but infants fed formula developed significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels at the ages of two weeks (formula 6.9% vs. breast 9.4%, w/w), one month (6.2 vs. 9.1%), and two months (5.7 vs. 8.4%). In a second trial, we randomized infants to receive (from birth to age four months) formula without or with both AA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) at levels typical for mature human milk. Infants fed conventional formula showed a continuous decrease of phospholipid AA over time, whereas feeding of formula supplemented with AA and DHA led to significantly higher AA levels, similar to those in breast-fed infants (two months: supplemented 9.6% vs. unsupplemented 7.1%; four months: 8.7 vs. 6.6%). In order to estimate infantile capacity for endogenous synthesis of AA, we fed four term neonates with newly diagnosed phenylketonuria (mean age 18 d) a formula with all fat contributed by corn oil, which has a higher natural 13C-enrichment than European human milk or formula. Analysis of 13C-enrichment in plasma fatty acids over four days allowed us to estimate infantile AA synthesis. We found an increased 13C-value in plasma AA of all infants, which indicates that term neonates can synthesize AA. However, with a simplified isotope balance equation, we estimate that endogenous synthesis contributed only about 23% of total plasma arachidonic acid by day four. We conclude that full-term infants fed formula may require a dietary supply of some preformed AA if the biochemical status of breast-fed infants is to be achieved.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1996

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipids of obese children.

Fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG), and sterol esters (STE) was determined by high-resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography in 22 obese children (age: 13.7 +/- 1.4 y, body weight relative to normal weight for height: 170 +/- 24%, mean +/- SD) and compared with data obtained in 25 age-matched healthy controls. There were no differences in the levels of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) in any of the plasma fractions from obese children and the controls. Obese children exhibited significantly higher values of arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6) than controls both in PL (12.6 [2.4] vs. 8.3 [1.4], % wt/wt, [median (interquartile range)], P < 0.001) and STE (7.3 [1.8] vs. 6.0 [1.1], P < 0.05). Similarly, obese children showed higher values than controls for dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid (DHGLA, C20:3n-6) in PL (4.0 [0.5] vs. 3.0 [0.6], P < 0.001), TG (0.4 [0.1] vs. 0.2 [0.1], P < 0.001), and STE (0.9 [0.1] vs. 0.7 [0.1], P < 0.01), and for gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3n-6) in STE (1.1 [0.2] vs. 0.8 [0.2], P < 0.001). The AA/LA ratios were higher in obese children than in controls in PL (0.68 [0.16] vs. 0.42 [0.09], P < 0.0005) and STE (0.16 [0.04] vs. 0.12 [0.02], P < 0.05), whereas the AA/DHGLA ratios were lower in TG of obese children than in controls (3.40 [0.64] vs. 5.10 [1.75], P < 0.005). Plasma glucose concentrations were inversely related to AA in TG (r = 0.53, P < 0.05), and plasma TG concentrations were inversely related to AA in PL and STE (r = -0.49, P < 0.05 and r = -0.48, P < 0.05) and to the AA/DHGLA ratios in PL (r = -0.57, P < 0.01), TG (r = -0.56, P < 0.01), and STE (r = -0.56, P < 0.01). We conclude that the significantly higher values of n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) in plasma lipids of obese children than in age-matched controls may be caused by an enhanced activity of delta 6-desaturation, and we speculate that elevated fasting immunoreactive insulin seen in obese children (19.4 +/- 8.0 microU/mL) may stimulate synthesis of n-6 LCP fatty acids.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Plasma amino acid concentrations in healthy, full-term infants fed hydrolysate infant formula.

The effect of feeding hydrolysate infant formula (HF) on protein and amino acid metabolism was investigated in healthy, full-term infants who were either breast-fed (BF, n = 10) or received conventional formula (CF, n = 10) or HF based on soy and beef collagen (n = 10) with equal total protein equivalent contents. There were no differences between groups for gain in weight, length, and head and chest circumferences throughout the study. Plasma concentrations of total proteins, albumin, urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine as well as total amino acid and total essential amino acid concentrations did not differ at the ages of 2, 4, and 8 weeks. In contrast, significant differences were seen in concentrations of five free amino acids. Arginine concentrations were significantly higher at the age of 4 weeks in the infants fed HF than in the other groups (71 +/- 12 versus 27 +/- 6 and 30 +/- 4, mumol/L, mean +/- SEM, HF versus BF and CF, p < 0.01). Plasma histidine concentrations were also higher in infants receiving HF (4 weeks: 217 +/- 33 versus 91 +/- 18, HF versus BF, p < 0.01; 8 weeks: 218 +/- 33 versus 105 +/- 20, HF versus CF, p < 0.01). The most pronounced feeding-related differences were seen in plasma glycine concentrations (2 weeks: 653 +/- 89 versus 345 +/- 55, HF versus BF, p < 0.01; 8 weeks: 613 +/- 74 versus 385 +/- 56 and 312 +/- 46, HF versus BF and CF, p < 0.01), with the mean value exceeding the upper limit of the normal range in infants fed HF. Although the biological importance of the differences observed remains to be clarified, further investigations on amino acid metabolism are needed to establish the final nutritional safety of feeding hydrolysate infant formulae.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1996

Lipid corrected plasma alpha-tocopherol values are inversely related to fasting insulinaemia in obese children.

Plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and retinol were measured in 17 obese children (10 boys and 7 girls, age: 13.9 +/- 0.3 y, mean +/- s.e.m.) and related to anthropometric indices and fasting plasma insulin concentrations. Body weight was 89.0 +/- 5.3 kg, relative body weight 165 +/- 6%, body fat content 38.9 +/- 1.2% and body mass index 32.3 +/- 1.3 kg/m2. Plasma alpha-tocopherol, retinol and insulin concentrations were 18.5 +/- 1.6 mul/l, 2.0 +/- 0.2 mu/l and 17.2 +/- 1.6 mU/l, respectively. Neither alpha-tocopherol nor retinol concentrations were related to age. Plasma retinol concentrations were positively correlated to weights (r = 0.60, P = 0.01) and heights (r = 0.65, P < 0.01), but not to body fat contents. In contrast, plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations were not related to weights and heights, but a significant inverse relation was seen to body fat contents (r = -0.49, P = 0.04). Fasting plasma insulin concentrations did not correlate with plasma retinol values, but were inversely related to plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations (r = -0.53, P = 0.02) and alpha-tocopherol: cholesterol+triglyceride ratios (r = -0.57, P = 0.01). These results indicate that the factors influencing the availability of retinal and alpha-tocopherol in obese children may be different.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast-fed and formula fed healthy infants].

While human milk contains considerable amounts of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP), most formulae contain only the precursors of LCP synthesis (linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids) but are devoid of preformed dietary LCP such as are arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids. LCP contents in plasma phospholipids (PL), triglycerides (TG) and sterol esters (STE) were measured by high resolution capillary gas-liquid chromatography in healthy, term infants fed human milk of formula. Percentage contributions of the precursor fatty acids were similar or higher in plasma lipids in formula fed than in breast-fed infants, meanwhile values of the intermediary metabolites of LCP synthesis did not differ between the two groups. Percentage contributions of arachidonic acid were higher in breast-fed than in formula fed infants at the ages of 2 weeks (PL: 9.39 +/- 1.00 vs. 6.91 +/- 0.38, TG: 0.61 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.41 +/- 0.05, %weight/weight, mean +/- SEM), 1 month (PL: 9.06 +/- 1.04 vs. 6.16 +/- 0.35, TG: 0.62 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.32 +/- 0.04, STE: 4.50 +/- 0.45 vs. 2.84 +/- 0.39) and 2 months (PL: 8.41 +/- 1.19 vs. 5.74 +/- 0.37). Similarly, docosahexaenoic acid values were at the ages of 1 month (PL: 1.94 +/- 0.21 vs. 1.19 +/- 0.21, TG: 0.12 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.04 +/- 0.02) and 2 months (PL: 2.02 +/- 0.36 vs. 0.99 +/- 0.07) significantly higher in breast-fed infants than in those receiving formula.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1995

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition with and without human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.

Fatty acids in plasma phospholipids were studied in 35 severely malnourished young children with a median age of 29 mo (range: 9-43 mo), who were either seronegative for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) (n = 16) or suffered from asymptomatic (stage P-1; n = 12) or symptomatic (stage P-2; n = 7) HIV disease. The malnourished children had significantly lower percentages (% by wt) of phospholipid arachidonic (20:4n-6, AA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3, DHA) acids than 25 age-matched healthy control subjects (AA: 7.05% and 8.70% by wt; DHA: 0.92 and 2.61% by wt, P < 0.001). Body weights of malnourished children did not correlate with linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3) acid values but were significantly and positively correlated with AA and DHA values (r = 0.40, P = 0.02 and r = 0.63, P < 0.0001, respectively). Plasma concentrations (mg/L) of total phospholipid fatty acids did not differ among seronegative, stage P-1, or stage P-2 patients. Percentage contributions of AA and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) did not differ among those seronegative or in stages P-1 and P-2. In contrast, values of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in stage P-2 (2.38 mg/L) than in either seronegative (3.47 mg/L) or stage P-1 (3.66 mg/L) patients. We conclude that the severely malnourished children developed a depletion of both AA and DHA proportional to the degree of malnutrition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Arachidonic Acids↗
PubMed1995

Growth, fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes, and plasma retinol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations in full-term infants fed formula enriched with omega-6 and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Full-term infants fed formula without dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCF) exhibit significantly lower plasma LCP values than breast-fed infants. We studied prospectively two groups of healthy full-term infants fed conventional infant formula without LCP (F, n = 10) or the same formula enriched with both omega-6 and omega-3 LCP (LCP-F, n = 12). Anthropometric data were obtained and fatty acid (FA) compositions of plasma phospholipids, triglycerides and sterol esters as well as plasma retinol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations were determined at 5 days and 1, 2, 3 and 4 months of age. Gains in weight, length and head circumference did not differ between the two groups throughout the study period. Plasma FA values did not differ at 5 days of age. Between 1 and 4 months of age, plasma phospholipids of infants fed LCP-F consistently had significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentages of arachidonic acid (1 month: 9.7 (0.8) versus 7.0 (1.3) %wt/wt, 4 months: 8.7 (0.5) versus 6.6 (1.0) %wt/wt, median (interquartile range), LCP-F versus F) and docosahexaenoic acid (1 month: 2.9 (0.5) versus 1.6 (0.3) %wt/wt; 4 months: 2.9 (0.4) versus 0.9 (0.3) %wt/wt). Plasma retinol and alpha-tocopherol concentrations did not differ between the two groups throughout the study. We conclude that this form of LCP enrichment of formula for full-term infants effectively enhances plasma LCP contents without detectable adverse effects. The potential effects on functional outcome need to be studied carefully in prospective clinical trials.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Essential fatty acids in full term infants fed breast milk or formula.

To determine the biochemical effects of the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, two groups of 10 healthy full term infants who were either exclusively breast fed or received a formula with similar contents of linoleic and alpha linolenic acids, but without long chain polyunsaturated (LCP) fatty acids, were studied prospectively. Plasma phospholipid, triglyceride, and sterol ester fatty acids were determined at the age of 2, 4, and 8 weeks by high resolution capillary gas chromatography. Breast fed infants maintained stable LCP fatty acid concentrations throughout the study. Formula fed infants had significantly lower median values of arachidonic acid (AA) at the ages of 2 (6.9 v 9.5% wt/wt) and 4 weeks (5.9 v 7.9%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at the ages of 4 (1.1 v 1.7%) and 8 weeks (1.0 v 1.7%) in plasma phospholipids. Median AA values in triglycerides were also significantly lower in the infants receiving formula at the ages of 2 (0.4 v 0.6%) and 4 weeks (0.3 v 0.6%). It is concluded that formula fed full term infants are unable to match the omega-3 and omega-6 LCP status of breast fed full term infants until at least two months after birth.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1995

Do trans fatty acids impair linoleic acid metabolism in children?

Trans isomeric fatty acids disturb the metabolism of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in animals and in premature infants. We assessed whether similar effects may also occur in healthy children. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition was analysed in 53 apparently healthy children aged 1-15 years (mean 7.5 years). Trans fatty acids were found in all samples and contributed 1.78 +/- 0.10% (w/w, mean +/- SEM). There was no relation of the major trans isomer octadecenoic acid and of total trans fatty acids to the precursor essential fatty acid linoleic acid. In contrast, we found significant inverse correlations of trans octadecenoic acid and total trans isomers to the principal n-6 metabolite arachidonic acid as well as to the sum of all n-6 metabolites. Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation of total trans fatty acids to the ratio of arachidonic to linoleic acid, an indirect indicator of linoleic acid conversion. These findings are compatible with inhibition of arachidonic acid biosynthesis by trans fatty acids. Since the availability of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, is of essential importance for tissue growth and development, these findings question the safety of high dietary trans fatty acid intakes in childhood.

Adolescent↗