Individual risk factors of the back among applicants to a nursing school.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
T Videman
Publications and source records attributed to T Videman.
Dallas discogram description. A new classification of CT/discography in low-back disorders.
A new classification method for CT/discography was developed. The Dallas discogram description (DDD) related five separate categories of information. Degeneration and annular disruption were regarded as separate phenomena. Additionally, provoked pain response, contrast volume, and miscellaneous information were recorded. Discogram findings of 59 patients with low-back and/or leg pain were graded according to the new method and compared with standard methods using routine anteroposterior and lateral discographic images. Findings from routine discography and CT/discography were graded and correlated with myelographic and plain computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans. This study demonstrated that the contrast-enhanced axial view provided by CT/discography served as a useful projection for demonstrating disc pathology. CT/discography analyzed according to DDD offered a more sensitive discriminator of disc degeneration from annular disruption (disc protrusion/leaking). This evaluation can be recommended as the procedure of choice when revision of spine surgery is considered or when there is an equivocal or negative correlation between clinical information and myelography or CAT scan.
Adult↗
The value of the axial view in assessing discograms. An experimental study with cadavers.
The clinical value of discography is controversial. An axial view of a discogram such as could be obtained with CT scans should increase the structural information regarding disc pathology, and clarify the relationship to disease of the facet joints as well. To evaluate this concept, 103 intervertebral levels in 23 cadaver specimens were studied by anteroposterior, lateral, and axial roentgenographic views. From these three views, a new classification for interpreting discograms was developed. The correlations between the three different views were good, confirming the potential value of CT axial views. However, in one fourth of the discs there were pathologic anatomic findings that could be seen only in the axial views. There were more severe osteoarthritic changes in the right than the left facet joint, and a discrepancy between facet arthritis and disc disease was also noted.
Adult↗
Plain radiographic, discographic, and direct observations of Schmorl's nodes in the thoracolumbar junctional region of the cadaveric spine.
The perceivability of Schmorl's nodes in plain radiographs and discograms in the thoracolumbar junctional region (T10-L1) of the cadaveric spine was assessed by comparing the radiologic measurements with bone measurements. Schmorl's nodes in bone specimens were encountered in 19 of 24 spines studied. They were more than two times as common between vertebrae T10-11 and T11-12 as between T12 and L1 (P less than 0.01). When the areas of actual Schmorl's nodes exceeded 0.5 cm2 (corresponding to an aperture with a diameter of 0.8 cm), 47% of the nodes were seen in plain lateral radiographs and 68% in discograms. When the area measured 0.5 cm2 or less, only 24% could be perceived in plain lateral radiographs and 23% in discograms. The clinical significance of Schmorl's nodes remains uncertain as long as they are difficult to detect in vivo.
Adult↗
Facet joint orientation, facet and costovertebral joint osteoarthrosis, disc degeneration, vertebral body osteophytosis, and Schmorl's nodes in the thoracolumbar junctional region of cadaveric spines.
The disc degeneration in the thoracolumbar junctional region (T10-L1) of 37 male cadaveric spines was recorded with the use of discography. From 24 of these spines the facet joint orientation and degenerative findings of the facet and costovertebral joints, vertebral bodies (osteophytosis) and discs, and Schmorl's nodes were recorded directly from bones. At T11-12, the most common site for the transitional zone between thoracic and lumbar facet type, there was a marked variation in the orientation of facets. The occurrence of degenerative findings and Schmorl's nodes at the three levels in the region differed. At T10-11, disc degeneration, vertebral body osteophytosis, and Schmorl's nodes were most common (anterior degeneration). At T12-L1, facet and costovertebral joint degeneration were dominant (posterior degeneration). At T11-12, disc degeneration, vertebral body osteophytosis, Schmorl's nodes, and facet and costovertebral joint degeneration all occurred (anterior and posterior degeneration). The results point to a pathoanatomic association between degenerative changes and facet orientation.
Adult↗
Connective tissue and immobilization. Key factors in musculoskeletal degeneration?
Periarticular connective tissue is one important part of the musculoskeletal system. Its unique ability to adapt to the shortest distance between its origin and insertion, however, produces harmful effects during immobilization. All situations that lead to immobilization can cause some degree of degenerative change in the musculoskeletal system. When immobilization, whatever its cause, cannot be avoided, every attempt should be made to minimize it and to try to treat its harmful effects. There is some evidence that early mobilization, traction, and continuous passive motion overcome the harmful effects of immobilization, but more knowledge on this subject is needed. Animal experiments play an important role in the attainment of knowledge of immobilization and mobilization processes in health and disease.
Animals↗
Three-dimensional load-displacement curves due to forces on the cervical spine.
Load-displacement curves were measured for six types of pure force loading of the cervical spine specimens obtained from fresh human cadavers. A new measuring and mounting technique was developed that yielded data for all of the functional spinal units for each specimen tested. All five of the coupled, as well as the main, load-displacement curves were studied. For anterior and posterior shear loadings, the main resulting motions were translation in that direction (1.6 +/- 0.3 and 1.9 +/- 0.3 mm), and the major coupled motions were flexion and extension (3.6 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees and 6.3 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees). The main motions with right and left lateral shear loadings were translations laterally (1.4 +/- 0.3 and 1.6 +/- 0.3 mm), and the major coupled motions were axial rotations (1.5 degrees +/- 0.6 degrees and 2.3 degrees +/- 0.6 degrees) and not lateral bending. For compression and distraction loadings, the main motions were translations in that direction (0.7 +/- 0.3 and 1.1 +/- 0.3 mm), and the major coupled motions were flexion and extension (2.0 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees and 2.8 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees) and lateral bending (1.4 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees and 1.9 degrees +/- 0.3 degrees). The neutral zones for anterior and posterior shear forces were 1.6 +/- 0.2 mm of translation and 5.8 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees of rotation, for lateral shear force 1.4 +/- 0.3 mm and 2.0 degrees +/- 0.5 degrees, and for compression/distraction 0.6 +/- 0.1 mm and 2.8 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees.
Aged↗
Effects of treadmill running on plasma glycosaminoglycans in adult rabbits.
Adult rabbits were subjected to running on a treadmill three times daily for 1, 5, and 30 days. The animals were injected with 35S-sulfate and killed 24 h later. The concentration of free and bound glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in plasma, as well as the specific radioactivities of the fractions, was determined. Thirty days of running produced a statistically significant increase in the concentrations of both free and bound plasma GAG, whereas only the latter fraction was increased after 5 days of running. Consistent changes in the specific radioactivities of the fractions were not discernible.
Animals↗
The fate of fat transplants in operations for partial closure of the growth plate. Clinical examples and an experimental study.
The cavities left after resection of bone bridges for partial closure of growth plates in children have commonly been filled with free fat grafts. Such cavities have been seen to elongate and thus enlarge during growth after the operation, but the fate of the grafts has been unknown. Similar cavities, made in the tibiae of growing pigs were filled with autogenous fat and studied by radiography for periods of up to 9 1/2 months. These cavities elongated in a manner similar to those in the clinical cases, and histological section showed them to be filled with living adipose tissue. The volume of this tissue had continuously increased in parallel with the growth in length of the bone. The fate of the grafts used in children may be similar to that seen experimentally.
Adipose Tissue↗
Biomechanical time-tolerance of fresh cadaveric human spine specimens.
Changes in the biomechanical properties of fresh cadaveric spinal specimens due to long-term freeze storage and long test periods have been investigated. Fresh cadaveric specimens were divided into three groups: Group A specimens were tested fresh on the 1st day and 13 subsequent days; Group B specimens were tested on the 1st day, frozen in sealed bags at -18 degrees C for 21 days, and tested for 13 consecutive days after thawing; and Group C specimens were frozen for up to 232 days and tested for 14 consecutive days after thawing. We could not find any significant differences between the behavior of the three test groups. This implies that freezing and storage, even for long periods, do not significantly alter the physical properties of cadaveric spinal specimens. Concerning the differences observed on a daily basis, the mean value of the maximum displacement for the 1st day did not differ significantly from the corresponding mean value for the 13 consecutive days. This was true for all three groups, although there was some indication that the fresh group specimens showed greater variation than the two frozen groups.
Adult↗
Effects of sodium diclofenac on glycosaminoglycan metabolism in experimental osteoarthritis in rabbits.
The effect of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was studied in rabbits during the development of osteoarthritis of the knee induced by immobilization. Contents of hexosamines, uronic acid and sulphate-derived 35S-radioactivity in separated GAGs were determined. DS was given to 6 immobilized rabbits for 17 days at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg through a stomach tube. The controls consisted of 8 immobilized rabbits without medication and of 21 non-immobilized rabbits, 6 of which received DS for 17 days. DS did not inhibit in vivo metabolism of sulphated GAGs, according to measurements of [35S]-sulphate incorporation. Healthy rabbits given DS showed only marginal changes of GAG content in joint tissues. DS did not prevent the loss of GAG from the weight-bearing cartilages of the immobilized knees, but caused a further loss of chondroitin sulphates accompanied by an increased amount of hyaluronic acid in the tissues. DS prevented accumulation of the GAGs, which normally occurs during development of osteoarthritis in tissues of the tibial margin and in collateral ligaments. The findings indicate that the effect of DS on the GAG metabolism in connective tissues is somewhat different from that with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
Animals↗
Effects of treadmill running on glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage of rabbits.
In a study of the effects of motion load on weight-bearing articular cartilage, rabbits were made to run on a treadmill for 1-, 5-, and 30-day periods. One group ran on a level surface, and another ran uphill. In vivo 35S-sulfate bound in glycosaminoglycans (GAG) after running was used as an indicator of the synthesis rate of GAGs. The GAG content of the tibial and femoral cartilages was measured from determinations of uronic acid, galactosamine, and glucosamine in GAGs after papain proteolysis and purification. Uphill running caused a depletion of the bound 35S-sulfate incorporated in GAGs in both tibial and femoral weight-bearing cartilage (5 days: P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively; 30 days, tibial cartilage: P less than 0.01). The concentrations of uronic acid and galactosamine were mainly unaltered, except after 1 day of running when an increased concentration of both substances was found, particularly in rabbits running on a level surface (uronic acid: P less than 0.05; galactosamine: P less than 0.001). After 30 days of running the glucosamine content was markedly reduced in GAGs of both tibial and femoral cartilage (P less than 0.05). The possible role of different factors affecting the cartilage metabolism is discussed.
Animals↗
Double-blind parallel study of meptazinol versus diflunisal in the treatment of lumbago.
Seventy out-patients with acute back pain participated in a double-blind comparative trial of the clinical efficacy and tolerance of orally administered meptazinol and diflunisal. Half of the patients received 200 mg meptazinol or 250 mg diflunisal 4-times daily for up to 3 weeks, depending on the duration of pain. Patients were examined 4 times at 1-week intervals for their capability to do daily tasks, for their capacity for forward bending, thoraco-lumbar torsion, straight leg raising, static hip flexion and sit-ups, and for subjective assessment of pain. Side-effects were recorded on a questionnaire. Both treatments produced marked improvement in most of the parameters assessed, often within the first week and, overall, the results were similar with the two drugs. Few side-effects were reported and those that were recorded were slight and similar in incidence apart from nausea in 5 meptazinol-treated patients and smarting and burning on urination in 2 patients receiving diflunisal.
Adult↗
[3H]proline incorporation in vivo in capsular tissues and menisci during the development of osteoarthritis. An experimental study with rabbits.
In an effort to clarify factors related to the pathogenesis of experimental osteoarthritis, biochemical alterations were studied in articular soft tissues of adult rabbits through the immobilization of the knee of the hind leg in extension for 3, 7, 11, 18, 35 or 56 days. The medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus of the knee, as well as the joint capsule of the hip, were analysed. Total protein synthesis (measured by [3H]proline incorporation) increased in the immobilized legs in all of the tissues examined. The collagen synthesis rate (estimated by specific radioactivity of hydroxyproline) in the medial collateral ligament was enhanced, whereas the collagen content (measured as hydroxyproline concentration) of the tissue declined temporarily. This observation suggests that the collagen degradation rate transiently exceeds that of collagen synthesis. The results indicate that distinct biochemical alterations occur in the periarticular tissues during the early phases of immobilization-induced osteoarthritis. It is of interest that biochemical changes similar to those of the immobilized leg were seen, to a lesser extent, in the structures of the contralateral nonimmobilized leg.
Animals↗
Double-blind parallel study of piroxicam versus indomethacin in the treatment of low back pain.
Twenty-eight outpatients with chronic severe lumbar pain participated in a double-blind comparative trial on the clinical efficacy of orally administered piroxicam and indomethacin. Half of the patients received indomethacin, 25 mg t.i.d.; the other half received piroxicam 20 mg in the morning and a placebo at lunchtime and before dinner for six weeks. The patients were examined four times at two-week intervals for their capability to do daily tasks and for total lumbar mobility, forward bending, raising of both legs straight and the subjective assessment of pain. Side effects were recorded on a questionnaire and with laboratory tests. The overall results of both groups were similar. Thus, piroxicam, 20 mg daily, matches indomethacin, 25 mg t.i.d., in the treatment of low back pain. The side effects were slight. Treatment with indomethacin was stopped in one case (erythema and conjunctivitis). In the piroxicam group diarrhea, constipation, and pain in the tongue were reported, whereas in the indomethacin group gastrointestinal irritation and tiredness were typical symptoms.
Adult↗
[Effect of physical activity and inactivity on bones and joints].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Bone and Bones↗
Daily repeated traction in developing osteoarthritis. An experimental study in rabbits.
The effect of repeated traction on rabbit knee joint was studied during the development of experimental osteoarthritis. The traction (10 N to the immobilized leg) was administered one hour daily during seven weeks of immobilization of the knee and eight weeks of follow-up. The control group consisted of rabbits similarly immobilized and followed but without traction. The degree of osteoarthritis was measured from joint mobility, the evaluation of radiographs and the histological picture. Traction did not statistically significantly increase the mobility range of the knee joint in the treatment group in comparison with that of the control group, and the differences were small between the histological assessments of the two groups. At the end of immobilization the radiographic changes were less marked in the traction group than in the control group, but at the end of the follow-up the difference between the two groups was not as clear. Repeated traction did not, therefore, permanently prevent degenerative changes produced by the immobilization of the rabbit knee.
Animals↗
The effect of running on the osteoarthritic joint: an experimental matched-pair study with rabbits.
Opinions differ on the effects of running on joints. The progression of osteoarthritis and selection makes it difficult to evaluate the effects of increased motion load on joints. The effects of treadmill running on experimentally produced unilateral osteoarthritis of the knee was estimated in a matched-pair study with rabbits. One rabbit from each of 10 pairs was randomly chosen to run at a near maximal level over a 14-week period. The stage of osteoarthritis before and after the running period was estimated from mobility measurements and radiographs, and after running from histological sections or macroscopic appearance. There were no clear differences between the exercised and control rabbits; in both groups there was a slight progression in the degenerative changes of the osteoarthritic and contralateral joints. Near maximal running had no negative effects on osteoarthritic or contralateral rabbit knees in this study.
Animals↗