Advances in the treatment of nasal polypopsis. Introduction.
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
V Lund
Publications and source records attributed to V Lund.
Detection of small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples by a seminested PCR assay.
A rapid and sensitive assay was developed for detection of small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples. Water and sewage samples were filtered, and the filters were enriched overnight in a nonselective medium. The enrichment cultures were prepared for PCR by a rapid and simple procedure consisting of centrifugation, proteinase K treatment, and boiling. A seminested PCR based on specific amplification of the intergenic sequence between the two Campylobacter flagellin genes, flaA and flaB, was performed, and the PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The assay allowed us to detect 3 to 15 CFU of C. jejuni per 100 ml in water samples containing a background flora consisting of up to 8, 700 heterotrophic organisms per ml and 10,000 CFU of coliform bacteria per 100 ml. Dilution of the enriched cultures 1:10 with sterile broth prior to the PCR was sometimes necessary to obtain positive results. The assay was also conducted with food samples analyzed with or without overnight enrichment. As few as </=3 CFU per g of food could be detected with samples subjected to overnight enrichment, while variable results were obtained for samples analyzed without prior enrichment. This rapid and sensitive nested PCR assay provides a useful tool for specific detection of C. jejuni or C. coli in drinking water, as well as environmental water, sewage, and food samples containing high levels of background organisms.
Animals↗
Effect of hyperbaric conditions on plasma stress hormone levels and endothelin-1.
To study a generalized stress reaction as well as endothelin-1 concentrations during moderate hyperbaria and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2), eight professional divers were exposed to air (O2 21%, AIR) and oxygen (O2 100%, HBO2) at 2.5 atm abs for 60 min in separate sessions. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylglycol (metabolite of norepinephrine), cortisol, ADH, renin, aldosterone, pro-ANP, and endothelin-1 were analyzed before, during, and 20 min after the treatments. Endothelin-1 increased significantly (6% during HBO2 and 18% during AIR, and 30 and 34% after the treatments, respectively, P = 0.032). There was no statistically significant difference in the changes of mean norepinephrine and dihydroxyphenylglycol levels between the treatments, although both seemed to change slightly during the treatments, but not over the baseline (time effect P = 0.031 and P = 0.011, respectively). Cortisol levels decreased significantly (P = 0.001) during the treatments. No significant changes were found in other analyzed hormones. The authors concluded that a) HBO2, and hyperbaric air at 2.5 atm abs do not induce a generalized hormonal stress reaction, and b) endothelin-1 increases during HBO2 and hyperbaric air at 2.5 atm abs.
Aldosterone↗
Atypical phosphorylcholine-reactive protein from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
A phosphorylcholine-reactive protein was isolated from serum of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) by affinity chromatography on a phosphorylcholine-conjugated Sepharose column followed by elution with phosphorylcholine. Based on the method used we describe the isolated protein as salmon phosphorylcholine-reactive protein (salmon PRP). Salmon PRP has calcium-independent binding to phosphorylcholine. The protein exists in a monomeric and dimeric form with molecular weight of approximately 80 and 160 kD, respectively. Separation of the protein preparation on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions resulted in disappearance of the 80 and 160 kD bands and appearance of a major protein band of approximately 100 kD. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the non-reduced 80 and 160 kD bands and the reduced 100 kD band were identical. Apart from the dimeric form, the molecular weight of salmon PRP and its appearance on SDS-PAGE is similar to human plasminogen. Comparison of the sequence in a protein database resulted in approximately 50% identity with human and bovine plasminogen. In addition, cross-reactivity between antibodies to human plasminogen and salmon PRP was demonstrated. Thus, salmon PRP appears to be different from other phosphorylcholine-reactive proteins which are mostly reported to be CRP-like proteins with calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine, pentameric ring-structure and sequence homology between species. Whether salmon PRP is a new type of phosphorylcholine-binding protein with an unknown function or a plasminogen-like protein with binding specificity for phosphorylcholine calls for further investigation.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Allergic rhinitis--making the correct diagnosis.
The symptoms of rhinosinusitis occur in a variety of sinonasal conditions, which may be broadly classified as allergic (seasonal, perennial or occupational rhinitis/rhinosinusitis) or non-allergic (caused by infection, or non-infectious, e.g. drug-induced or idiopathic). Correct diagnosis is important for optimal management. A thorough history should be taken, followed by general and endoscopic examinations and confirmatory investigations. Careful examination should reveal obvious alternative causes of symptoms, such as polyps or tumours. If allergy is suspected, this can be confirmed by further tests, particularly the skin-prick test or measurements of serum specific IgE. Imaging techniques, usually X-rays or CT scanning, are of use if a systemic condition or major sinonasal disorder needs to be excluded. Other useful diagnostic aids are measurements of nasal peak flow, rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, olfactory threshold, and measures of mucociliary function (which may include biopsy for electron microscopy).
Diagnosis, Differential↗
The contribution of histamine to the action of bradykinin in the human nasal airway.
Bradykinin, 10 to 1000 micrograms given by aerosol into the nasal cavity of normal, healthy volunteers, produced a dose-related increase of nasal airway resistance. Bradykinin also reduced the minimal nasal cross-sectional area (Amin), increased albumin release into nasal lavage fluid and increased the symptoms of nasal inflammation. Pretreatment with cetirizine (10 mg orally) reduced the fall in Amin induced by bradykinin, 300 micrograms, but not by bradykinin, 100 micrograms. Pre-treatment of the subjects with the H1 histamine receptor antgonist cetirizine (10 mg, orally) or terfenadine (60 mg, orally) 3 h before bradykinin administration caused significant reduction of the bradykinin-induced increase in nasal airway resistance in the upper range of bradykinin doses (300-1000 micrograms) but not in the lower range (10-100 micrograms). Cetirizine reduced the albumin release into the nasal airway and the symptoms induced by bradykinin, 1000 micrograms. Following nasal challenge with bradykinin 300 micrograms or 1000 micrograms, no increase could be detected in the histamine content of nasal lavage fluid. Isolated human nasal cells released histamine in response to bradykinin, 33 and 100 microM, anti-IgE and calcium ionophore, A23187. We conclude that the actions of bradykinin in the human nasal airway are, in part, accounted for by the release of histamine.
Adult↗
Local anaesthesia in flexible nasendoscopy. A comparison between cocaine and co-phenylcaine.
Flexible nasendoscopy is now an integral part of the diagnostic process in Otorhinolaryngology. Topical local anaesthesia is generally recommended and cocaine is usually the drug of choice in view of its concurrent vasoconstrictor action. However, it is expensive, a controlled drug and serious side effects have been reported. Co-phenylcaine forte is a new preparation which also has both local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor properties. This study compares the efficacy of cocaine and Co-phenylcaine in flexible nasendoscopy and concludes that they provide similar local anaesthesia and vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa. Co-phenylcaine forte can therefore be used as an alternative to cocaine in flexible nasendoscopy.
Adolescent↗
Acoustic rhinometry of the Indian and Anglo-Saxon nose.
The internal and external geometry of the nose has previously been shown to differ between Anglo-Saxon, Chinese, and Negro noses. It is therefore important to define the normal geometric nasal parameters of a given race, so as to detect the abnormal nose. We present acoustic rhinometric data, with height-adjusted figures, examining the nasal minimum cross-sectional area (MCA), the distance to the nostril from the MCA, and the MCA between 0-6 cm. These data show no significant differences between Indian and Anglo-Saxon noses.
Acoustics↗
Radioactive iodine treatment and its effect on cells.
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Humans↗
Interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with human respiratory mucosa in vitro.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. It produces several toxins that slow ciliary beat, stimulate mucus production and damage epithelium. It adheres to epithelial cells, damaged mucosa (in animal models), and mucus. However, little is known of the interaction of P. aeruginosa with intact human respiratory mucosa. We have studied the interactions of a nonmucoid clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa with adenoid tissue in a novel organ culture model with an air-mucosal interphase P. aeruginosa (5.9 +/- 0.9 x 10(6) colony-forming units (cfu)) was pipetted onto the organ culture surface, and incubated for 15 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h, at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 in a humidified atmosphere. Assessment has been made by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that uninfected organ cultures had normal ultrastructure. TEM of infected organ cultures at 8 h showed significant epithelial damage: 43.9 +/- 10% of cells extruding from the epithelial surface, 17.7 +/- 3% of cells with loss of cilia, 32.9 +/- 10.2% of cells with mitochondrial damage, and 11.6 +/- 3% of cells with cytoplasmic blebbing. P. aeruginosa only infrequently adhered to normal epithelium, but adhered to areas of epithelial damage and to basement membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of organ cultures up to 2 h found P. aeruginosa only infrequently associated with mucus. SEM at 4 h revealed P. aeruginosa predominantly associated with mucus and extruded damaged epithelial cells, but also occasionally associated with cilia, and very occasionally with unciliated cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adenoids↗
[Short-term absenteeism in Norwegian industry].
The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons for short-term absence from work on medical grounds, and because of headache in particular, for periods of 1 to 3 days. The causes of short-term absence from work, both self-reported or as stated on a doctor's certificate, were studied prospectively among 2,600 employees in five Norwegian factories. It was found that the main reason for short-term absence was intercurrent self-limiting disease, such as respiratory infections, gastrointestinal upsets, musculoskeletal pain and headache. Among this particular group, injuries or the need to care for a sick child were seldom the cause of the absence.
Absenteeism↗
Haemophilus influenzae infection of human respiratory mucosa in low concentrations of antibiotics.
We examined the effects of 0.25 and 0.5 minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of amoxicillin, loracarbef, and ciprofloxacin on the interaction of a clinical isolate of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) with human adenoid organ culture. Adenoid tissue was embedded in agar so that only the mucosal surface was exposed. Minimum essential medium containing NTHi with or without antibiotics was added to the organ culture and incubated with 5% CO2 at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The organ cultures (n = 6) were assessed for several parameters by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Bacterial viable counts after 24 h were not significantly different in all organ cultures. Compared with uninfected controls at 24 h, infection with NTHi caused significant (p < 0.05) damage to epithelium as assessed by LM: reduced ciliary beat frequency (CBF), disruption of epithelium integrity, and reduced number of ciliated sites. TEM showed extrusion of cells from the epithelial surface, loss of cilia from ciliated cells, cytoplasmic blebbing, and mitochondrial damage. In the presence of 0.25 and 0.5 MIC of all three antibiotics, the mucosal damage was significantly less (p < 0.05). We conclude that in the presence of sub-MIC levels of amoxicillin, loracarbef, and ciprofloxacin, NTHi infection causes less functional (CBF) and structural damage.
Adenoids↗
Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipids on mucociliary transport and ciliary beating.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipid causes ciliostasis and cell membrane damage to rabbit tissue, is a secretagogue in cats, and inhibits epithelial ion transport in sheep tissue. It could therefore perturb mucociliary clearance. We have investigated the effect of rhamnolipid on mucociliary transport in the anesthetized guinea pig and guinea pig and human respiratory epithelium in vitro. Application of rhamnolipid to the guinea pig tracheal mucosa reduced tracheal mucus velocity (TMV) in vivo in a dose-dependent manner: a 10-microgram bolus caused cessation of TMV without recovery; a 5-micrograms bolus reduced TMV over a period of 2 h by 22.6% (P = 0.037); a 2.5-microgram bolus caused no overall changes in TMV. The ultrastructure of guinea pig tracheal epithelium exposed to 10 micrograms of rhamnolipid in vivo was normal. Application of 1,000 micrograms/ml rhamnolipid had no effect on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of guinea pig tracheal rings in vitro after 30 min, but 250 micrograms/ml stopped ciliary beating after 3 h. Treatment with 100 micrograms/ml rhamnolipid caused immediate slowing of the CBF (P less than 0.01) of human nasal brushings (n = 7), which was maintained for 4 h. Mono- and dirhamnolipid had equivalent effects. The CBF of human nasal turbinate organ culture was also slowed by 100 micrograms/ml rhamnolipid, but only after 4 h (CBF test, 9.87 +/- 0.41 Hz; control, 11.48 +/- 0.27 Hz; P less than 0.05, n = 6), and there was subsequent recovery by 14 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
An 'empty' sphenoid mucocele.
Sphenoid sinus mucoceles behave as mass lesions producing erosion of adjacent bone and cranial nerve palsies. The probable cause is obstruction of the ostia of the sinus. We describe a case which was 'cured' inadvertently by a nasal polypectomy.
Aged↗
The interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with intact human respiratory mucosa in vitro.
The interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with human ciliated upper respiratory mucosa was studied in an agar-embedded organ culture of nasal turbinate tissue, which only exposed the intact epithelial surface and its secretion. The ciliary beat frequency, measured along the edge of the organ culture, was slowed by 13% in the presence of S. pneumoniae after 16 h (p less than 0.05) compared with the control, and by 24% after 24 h (p less than 0.01). Light microscopy showed bacteria in a thickened gelatinous layer, which obscured the surface of the organ culture. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the association of bacteria with the gelatinous layer above an epithelial surface which showed only minor changes compared to uninfected control organ cultures. Contact between bacteria and normal or damaged epithelial cells was not seen. S. pneumoniae in organ culture developed projections from their surface, which were not present after broth culture. S. pneumoniae interactions with epithelial-derived secretions, the formation of a thickened gelatinous layer, and the effects of bacterial toxins on ciliary motility, may be important during colonization of the respiratory tract.
Cilia↗
Interaction of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae with human respiratory mucosa in vitro.
One laboratory strain (SH9) (n = 12) and five clinical isolates of unencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae replicated from 10(4) to 10(8) cfu/ml over 24 h in an organ culture of human respiratory mucosa in which only the intact mucosal surface is exposed. By transmission electron microscopy (TEM), bacteria were not seen in association with normal respiratory epithelium, even after incubation for 24 h. Histology and TEM morphometry demonstrated patchy and occasionally confluent damage to epithelia at this time, with bacteria associated only with cells that were structurally damaged. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an increased quantity of mucus in infected preparations; H. influenzae were associated with mucus by 14 h of incubation and with damaged epithelial cells by 24 h. Fimbriation of H. influenzae increased buccal cell adherence but did not facilitate association with normal respiratory epithelium and failed to increase epithelial damage or association with damaged cells. Epithelial damage may be prerequisite for association of H. influenzae with respiratory epithelium in vitro.
Bacterial Adhesion↗
Effects of Bordetella pertussis infection on human respiratory epithelium in vivo and in vitro.
Bordetella pertussis infection probably involves attachment to and destruction of ciliated epithelial cells, but most previous studies have used animal tissue. During an epidemic, nasal epithelial biopsy specimens of 15 children (aged 1 month to 3 1/2 years) with whooping cough were examined for ciliary beat frequency, percent ciliation of the epithelium, and ciliary and epithelial cell ultrastructure. In addition, the in vitro effects of filtrates from a 24-h broth culture and of tracheal cytotoxin derived from B. pertussis on human nasal tissue organ culture were measured. B. pertussis was cultured from nasal swabs from 12 children. The mean ciliary beat frequency of their nasal biopsy specimens, 11.3 Hz (range, 10.4 to 13.0 Hz) was similar to that found in biopsy specimens from 10 normal children (mean, 12.5 Hz; range, 11.8 to 13.5 Hz). The abnormalities of the epithelium observed in 14 of 15 patients were a reduction in the number of ciliated cells, an increase in the number of cells with sparse ciliation, an increase in the number of dead cells, and extrusion of cells from the epithelial surface. In vitro, neither culture filtrate nor tracheal cytotoxin had any acute effect on ciliary function, but culture filtrate and tracheal cytotoxin (1 and 5 microM, respectively) caused extrusion of cells from the epithelial surface of turbinate tissue, loss of ciliated cells, an increased frequency of sparsely ciliated cells, and toxic changes in some cells. These changes were dose dependent and progressive, and between 36 and 90 h ciliary beating ceased. The observations made with patient tissue confirm that B. pertussis infection damages ciliated epithelium, and the in vitro experiments suggest that tracheal cytotoxin may be responsible for the abnormalities observed in vivo.
Bacterial Adhesion↗
Detection of specific DNA sequences using antibodies recognizing UV-labelled DNA.
This non-isotopic method for detection of nucleic acids is based on the in situ labelling of the nucleic acid by exposure to UV-irradiation. The different UV-induced photoproducts, mainly of the thymidine dimer type, are recognized by purified rabbit antibodies specific to the lesions introduced. The UV-labelled nucleic acids can then be visualized by conventional immunostaining procedures. A major advantage of the technique is the low cost and the ease by which the DNA is specifically labelled. The purified rabbit antibodies were shown to be specific for UV-irradiated DNA, and the method was applied for detection of specific DNA sequences hybridized to homologous target DNA on membrane support. We believe that the sensitivity of the method can be improved, and the significance of using different UV-doses, immunostaining methods and membrane types is discussed.
Animals↗