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Biomedical subjects

W D Bloomer

Publications and source records attributed to W D Bloomer.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Synergistic interaction between cyclophosphamide or paclitaxel and the bioreductive compound NLCPQ-1, in vivo.

The antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide (CPM) and paclitaxel was investigated in BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 tumors, in combination with the bioreductive compound NLCPQ-1 by using the in vivo/in vitro assay as the endpoint. An optimum administration schedule for a synergistic interaction between NLCPQ-1 and CPM/paclitaxel was determined and dose modification factors (DMF) were calculated for antitumor effect and bone marrow toxicity. All drugs were given by IP injection; NLCPQ-1 at 15 mg/kg, which is much less than its maximally tolerated dose (MTD greater than 50 mg/kg), paclitaxel up to 25 mg/kg, and CPM up to 200 mg/kg. Bone marrow toxicity studies were performed in parallel by using a modified CFU-GM assay. A schedule-dependent synergistic interaction was observed for both chemotherapeutic agents combined with NLCPQ-1 but with entirely different patterns, as has been previously seen with the analog NLCQ-1. The optimal degree of potentiation, P (percentage of tumor cells that were killed due to clear potentiation), was 31 and 33 when NLCPQ-1 was administered 2 h before CPM and 3-3.5 h after paclitaxel, respectively. At the above time schedules, NLCPQ-1 modified the dose of CPM and paclitaxel, for 60% tumor cell killing, by a factor of 1.8 and 2.1, respectively. Bone marrow toxicity was not enhanced by combining either chemotherapeutic agent with NLCPQ-1. Comparison with results from previous similar studies with NLCQ-1 revealed that, on a molar basis, NLCPQ-1 was a less potent chemosensitizer than NLCQ-1. However, the results still suggest a potential clinical use of NLCPQ-1 as an adjuvant to CPM or paclitaxel therapy against solid tumors.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Therapeutic advantage from combining 5-fluorouracil with the hypoxia-selective cytotoxin NLCQ-1 in vivo; comparison with tirapazamine.

PURPOSE: The antitumor effect and bone marrow toxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in combination with the hypoxia-selective cytotoxins NLCQ-1 or tirapazamine (TPZ) were investigated in vivo. METHODS: Using appropriate intraperitoneal administration schedules for optimal synergistic interactions, the antitumor effect and the bone marrow toxicity of combinations of NLCQ-1 or TPZ and 5FU were determined in EMT6/BALB/c and SCCVII/C3H models in terms of dose modification factors (DMF) using the in vivo-in vitro clonogenic assay as endpoint. Bone marrow toxicity studies were performed in parallel using a modified CFU-GM assay. The antitumor efficacies of each combination treatment under optimal administration conditions were evaluated in the SCCVII/C3H model using also the tumor regrowth assay as endpoint. RESULTS: A schedule-dependent and tumor-specific synergistic interaction was observed for NLCQ-1 plus 5FU and DMFs of 2.0-2.3 and 1.0 were obtained for the antitumor effect and bone marrow toxicity, respectively, in both tumor models. The antitumor effect of 5FU was slightly potentiated (DMF 1.2) by TPZ in the EMT6/BALB/c model but not in the SCCVII/C3H model when the in vivo-in vitro assay was used as the endpoint. Significant additional tumor regrowth delays (about 11 and 6 days for NLCQ-1 and TPZ, respectively) were observed, compared to the effect of 5FU alone, when an equitoxic dose of NLCQ-1 (10 mg/kg) or TPZ (23 mg/kg) was administered 1 h before 5FU (50 mg/kg) twice a day at 4-h intervals on days 0 and 9. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate the therapeutic advantage of combining hypoxia-selective cytotoxins such as NLCQ-1 and TPZ with chemotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Optimizing the use of combined radioimmunotherapy and hypoxic cytotoxin therapy as a function of tumor hypoxia.

Combined radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) and hypoxic cytotoxin therapy (SR4233 or NLCQ-1) have been evaluated with both modalities administered on the same day with only moderate improvement compared with the effects of RAIT alone. In a series of studies using oxygen electrodes, immunohistochemistry and radiotracers, we have demonstrated that RAIT induces a prolonged state of hypoxia in most tumors, without affecting the pO(2) levels in normal tissues. Using serial microelectrode measurements through subcutaneous (s.c.) GW-39 human colonic xenografts, we established that the median pO(2) was unrelated to the initial size of the tumor, over a range of sizes from 1.0 to 4.0 cm. Fourteen days after mice were given a 240-microCi dose of (131)I-MN-14 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen immunoglobulin G, their median pO(2) declined from 26.1 +/- 9.6 mmHg to 9.8 +/- 3.9 mmHg (p < 0.001). Using the radiotracer (3)H-MISO that accumulates in hypoxic regions, uptake in GW-39, LoVo and LS174T s.c. human colonic tumors increased 3.0- to 4.2-fold from day 14 through day 28 post-RAIT, but uptake of (3)H-MISO in CALU-3 tumors remained unchanged after RAIT. Normal tissue (liver, kidney, lung) uptake of (3)H-MISO did not exhibit significant changes. The increase in tumor hypoxia was also demonstrated visually using anti-PIMO staining of tumor sections. We postulated that sequential delivery of the 2 therapeutic agents, with the hypoxic cytotoxin given 2 weeks after RAIT when tumor pO(2) levels were at their nadir, would improve the therapeutic response above either modality alone or above the 2 agents delivered on the same day. Tumor growth was compared in mice given either RAIT or cytotoxin alone, the combined treatment on the same day or with the cytotoxin delivered 14 days after RAIT. Tumor size on day 35 for RAIT-treated and SR4233-treated GW-39 were 3.56 +/- 0.40 and 7.98 +/- 2.50 cm(3). When RAIT + SR4233 were delivered on the same day, tumor size dropped to 2.78 +/- 0.80 cm(3). If RAIT was given on day 0 and SR4233 on day 14, size further declined further to 1.74 +/- 0.32 cm(3) (p < 0.05 compared with same day delivery). For LS174T, tumor size on day 28 for RAIT-treated and SR4233-treated tumors were 1.14 +/- 0.36 cm(3) and 3.65 +/- 0.78 cm(3), respectively. When RAIT + SR4233 were delivered on the same day, size was 0.51 +/- 0.174 cm(3). If RAIT was dosed on day 0 and SR4233 was given on day 14, tumor size was 0.13 +/- 0.07 cm(3) (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for LoVo, but not for CALU-3 tumors. Another hypoxic cytotoxin, NLCQ-1, was also more efficacious 2 weeks after RAIT, compared with same-day dosing. Thus, information on tumor hypoxia after radioantibody therapy could be important for ascertaining a window of opportunity when the surviving tumor regions are most responsive to hypoxic cytotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Schedule-dependent potentiation of chemotherapeutic drugs by the bioreductive compounds NLCQ-1 and tirapazamine against EMT6 tumors in mice.

PURPOSE: Comparisons of schedule-dependent interactions between the hypoxic cytotoxins NLCQ-1/ tirapazamine (TPZ) and various chemotherapeutic drugs in BALB/c mice bearing EMT6 tumors. METHODS: The antitumor effects of the single or combined drugs were assessed with various administration time intervals using the in vivo-in vitro clonogenic assay as the endpoint. The chemotherapeutic drugs tested were cisplatin (cisDDP), melphalan (L-PAM), cyclophosphamide (CPM), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin (Doxo), etoposide (VP-16) and Taxol at doses of 8, 5, 100, 150, 12, 35 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. NLCQ-1 was given at 10 mg/kg (28% of its single LD50 value) and TPZ was given at 30 mg/kg (38% of its single LD50 value). All drugs were given by i.p. injection in saline or as commercially available pharmaceutical solutions. RESULTS: Schedule-dependent synergistic interactions with different patterns for each bioreductive drug were observed with almost all of the chemotherapeutic agents examined. Potentiation accounting for more than 25% of the total tumor cell killing was observed with NLCQ-1/TPZ and cisDDP, L-PAM, CPM, 5-FU and Taxol at the optimal administration intervals. Potentiation accounting for 70% of the total tumor cell killing was found with NLCQ-1 and CPM. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a potential clinical use of NLCQ-1/TPZ as adjuvants to certain chemotherapeutic agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Lumpectomy and breast irradiation for breast cancer arising after previous radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease or lymphoma.

Twelve women treated with radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease (11 patients) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1 patient) and in whom breast cancer subsequently developed 10 to 29 years later were treated with lumpectomy and breast irradiation. 5,000 cGy/25-30 fractions to the whole breast and 900 cGy to 1.000 cGy/5 boost to the operative area. Six also received adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Breast irradiation was well tolerated without any unusual acute or chronic sequelae. All women had a good to excellent cosmetic result. Ten women are alive and well 1 to 174 months (median: 46) from completion of breast irradiation. Two women died with distant metastasis but without local recurrence. Breast conservation therapy with radiotherapy is not contraindicated in the woman who has previously been treated with radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease or lymphoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

4-[3-(2-Nitro-1-imidazolyl)propylamino]-7-chloroquinoline hydrochloride (NLCQ-1), a novel bioreductive agent as radiosensitizer in vitro and in vivo: comparison with tirapazamine.

The novel hypoxia-selective cytotoxin NLCQ-1, which is a weak DNA intercalator, was studied in conjunction with radiation against V79 cultured cells and EMT6 or SCCVII tumors in their syngeneic mice and compared with tirapazamine (TPZ). NLCQ-1 was a very potent and efficient radiosensitizer of hypoxic V79 cells, providing SER values of 2.27-2.56 at 20-80 microM concentration (measured at 10% survival level). Its C1.6 (concentration for an SER of 1.6 to be obtained) was 7.2+/-0.2 microM. Its in vitro therapeutic index (ThI, defined as CT50(Air),/C1.6) varied by the exposure time from 57 (1-h exposure) to 145 (4.5-h exposure). The corresponding C1.6 value for TPZ was 16.9 microM whereas its in vitro therapeutic index was 49 (3-h exposure). A schedule-dependent synergistic interaction was observed between NLCQ-1 or TPZ and 20 Gy of radiation in both tumor models examined, by using the in vivo-in vitro assay as endpoint. Optimal synergism (> 1 log) was observed in EMT6 tumors when each bioreductive drug was given between 45 and 60 min before irradiation. NLCQ-1 alone had no significant antitumor activity at 10 mg/kg (28% of its single LD50), whereas a 0.4 surviving fraction was obtained by TPZ at 30 mg/kg (38% of its single LD50). SER values of 1.52 and 1.25 were obtained with 10 mg/kg NLCQ-1 and 30 mg/kg TPZ, respectively, in EMT6 tumors. An SER value of 1.58 was obtained for both hypoxia-selective cytotoxins, at equitoxic doses, in SCCVII tumors, by using a fractionated regimen. These results suggest a possible use of NLCQ-1 or TPZ as adjuvants to radiotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Point dose variations with time during traditional brachytherapy for cervical carcinoma.

In traditional brachytherapy for carcinoma of the cervix, doses are often prescribed to specifically chosen points (A and B) and the normal tissue tolerance calculated at specific reference points in the bladder and rectum. These tolerance doses are often used to modify the brachytherapy treatment plan. It is inherently assumed that the position of the brachytherapy applicator does not change in relation to the relevant anatomical structures over the time-course of an implant. To assess the accuracy of this assumption, 2 sets of localization films were obtained for each implant in 28 patients, 1 prior to loading and another after the removal of the radioactive sources. Significant applicator movement and, consequently, significant dose variations were ob: served. Therefore, isolated one-time dose measurements to normal critical structures should not be used as the sole basis for making therapeutic decisions. The magnitude of dose variations and their clinical significant are discussed.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed2000

4-[3-(2-Nitro-1-imidazolyl)propylamino]-7-chloroquinoline hydrochloride (NLCQ-1), a novel bioreductive compound as a hypoxia-selective cytotoxin.

A novel weakly DNA-intercalative bioreductive compound. 4-[3-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-propylamino]-7-chloroquinoline hydrochloride (NLCQ-1). has been synthesized and studied as a hypoxia-selective cytotoxin in vitro. NLCQ-1, which shares a similar structure with the DNA-intercalative antimalarial drug chloroquine, bound more strongly to DNA than the nonchlorinated analog NLQ-1 (4-[3-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)propylamino]-quinaldine hydrochloride). Thus, NLCQ-1 exhibited a C50 [concentration for 50% displacement of the ethidium bromide (EB) from a DNA-EB complex] of 44 microM, whereas a C50 value could not be reached for NLQ-1 up to 225 microM. NLCQ-1 demonstrated significant hypoxic selectivity in several rodent (V79, EMT6, SCCVII) or human (A549, OVCAR-3) tumor cell lines. Its potency as a hypoxic cytotoxin (expressed as the product of exposure time and concentration for 50% survival) ranged between 10 and 136 microM x h, for the cell lines tested, at 30 microM input concentration. Because uptake in all cell lines was similar, the differences in potency may reflect differences in the enzymatic profile or damage repair processes among the cell lines. In addition, however, the most striking feature of NLCQ-1 was that hypoxic selectivity increased with exposure time, a common feature normally found in only bis-bioreductive agents carrying two moieties with different redox potentials. Thus, hypoxic selectivity of NLCQ-1 in V79 cells at 50% survival was increased from fivefold up to 388-fold by increasing exposure time from 1 to 4.5 h, as the result of a concomitant increase and decrease in its hypoxic and aerobic potency, respectively, over time. Because the nonchlorinated analog NLQ-1 did not demonstrate similar behavior, we hypothesized that the C-7 chlorine of NLCQ-1 might play a significant role in this phenomenon.

Aminoquinolines↗
PubMed1999

Mechanisms involved in the potentiation of melphalan by the bioreductive compound THNLA-1 in vitro.

9-[3-(2-Nitro-1-imidazolyl)propylamino]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine hydrochloride (THNLA-1) is a 2-nitroimidazole-based, weakly DNA-intercalating bioreductive agent that significantly potentiates the toxic effects of commonly used antitumor drugs such as melphalan (L-PAM) or cis-DDP in sensitive or resistant cell lines in culture, as well as in solid tumors in mice. Potentiation in vitro was observed when cells were preexposed to THNLA-1 under hypoxic conditions before exposure to L-PAM under aerobic conditions. In this study we investigated possible mechanisms involved in the potentiation of L-PAM by THNLA-1 in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Limited depletion of glutathione with buthionine sulfoximine or THNLA-1 under hypoxic pretreatment conditions accounted for only 8.3% of the potentiation induced by THNLA-1. However, DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis were inhibited in a synergistic way in cells preexposed to THNLA-1 under hypoxic conditions (2 h, 37 degrees C) and then coexposed to various doses of L-PAM under aerobic conditions (1 h, 37 degrees C). Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed a slow traverse through the S phase in the L-PAM-alone-treated cells. However, this phenomenon was more prominent in the THNLA-1 plus L-PAM-treated cells. Under aerobic co-incubation conditions with L-PAM, no difference was observed in the cell cycle of L-PAM-alone-treated cells vs. THNLA-1 plus L-PAM-treated cells. Significantly increased apoptosis was observed in the hypoxia-pretreated cells with THNLA-1, 12 and 24 h posttreatment. Comet and alkaline elution assay analysis showed increased DNA cross-links in the hypoxia-pretreated cells with THNLA-1 compared to the L-PAM-alone-treated cells. Finally, potential lethal damage repair was totally suppressed only in the hypoxia-pretreated cells with THNLA-1. In conclusion, DNA damage and hindrance in its repair are the most important mechanisms in the potentiation of L-PAM by THNLA-1, under hypoxic pretreatment conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

NLCQ-1, a novel hypoxic cytotoxin: potentiation of melphalan, cisDDP and cyclophosphamide in vivo.

PURPOSE: To investigate in vivo interactions between the recently developed bioreductive agent 4-[3-(2-nitroimidazolyl)-propylamino]-7-chloroquinoline hydrochloride (NLCQ-1) and the chemotherapeutic agents melphalan (L-PAM), cis-platin (cisDDP) and cyclophosphamide (CPM). METHODS AND MATERIALS: EMT6 and FSaIIC tumor cells were inoculated (subcutaneously) into the leg(s) of female Balb/c and male C3H mice, respectively. Treatment was initiated at 10 mm (EMT6) and 5 mm (FSaIIC) mean tumor diameter. The in vivo-in vitro and tumor regrowth assays were used, respectively, as endpoints. Bone marrow toxicity studies were also performed when the in vivo-in vitro assay was used. Drugs were given by i.p. injection. Tumors were excised 18-h after chemotherapeutic drug administration (Balb/c mice) or measured daily until three times their original size (C3H mice). The optimum administration schedule for potentiation between NLCQ-1 and each chemotherapeutic drug, as well as dose modification factors (DMF) at the optimum time, were determined with the in vivo-in vitro assay. When the tumor regrowth assay was used, each chemotherapeutic agent was given either as a single dose or as a split dose over two consecutive days at the optimum administration time after a 10 mg/kg NLCQ-1 i.p. injection. RESULTS: NLCQ-1 (at 0.33 times MTD), strongly potentiated the antitumor effect of L-PAM, cisDDP and CPM without concurrent enhancement in bone marrow toxicity. Potentiation was strictly schedule dependent and the optimum effect (1.5 to 2 logs killing beyond additivity) was observed when NLCQ-1 was given 60-, 45-, and 110-min before L-PAM, cisDDP, and CPM, respectively. The DMF values at 30% survival were 2.5, 1.9, and 3.8 for L-PAM, cisDDP, and CPM, respectively. DMF values for bone marrow toxicity at 50% survival were ca. 1 for all chemotherapeutic drugs. Pretreatment with NLCQ-1 resulted in 4-12 days extra delay in the regrowth of FSaIIC tumors. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the clinical investigation of NLCQ-1 as a chemosensitizer.

Aminoquinolines↗
PubMed1998

Tin shielding thicknesses for electrons.

The transmission of 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV electrons from a linear accelerator through tin and lead is studied at 0.5 cm depth in polystyrene. These measurements are performed using a 10 x 10 cm2 cone and extend well into bremsstrahlung region. The results show certain advantages of using tin to shield sensitive organs from electron beams. Tin is non-toxic and creates less additional bremsstrahlung even though it must be thicker than the equivalent lead shield.

Electrons↗
PubMed1998

Dosimetric aspects of small circular fields of 10 MV photon beam.

Dosimetric data obtained from different measurement techniques of 10 MV small circular photon beams of 12.5, 20, 30, and 40 mm diameter were studied. The effects of lack of lateral electronic equilibrium and steep dose gradient were noticed even when measurements were performed with a small volume (0.02 cc) ionization chamber. From an examination of the results, it is concluded that an average value of data obtained from several carefully performed film measurements may be used for routine radiosurgery.

Models, Structural↗
PubMed1998

9-[3-(2-Nitro-1-imidazolyl)propylamino]-cyclopenteno[b]quinoline hydrochloride (NLCPQ-1). A novel DNA-affinic bioreductive agent as chemosensitizer: mechanistic studies. II.

NLCPQ-1 is a novel, weak, DNA-affinic bioreductive compound with enhanced chemosensitizing ability for commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, both in vitro and in vivo. In the present report we investigated possible mechanisms involved in the potentiation of cis-DDP and L-PAM in V79 cells. Potentiation was observed when cells were pretreated under hypoxic conditions with NLCPQ-1 prior to their aerobic exposure to each chemotherapeutic agent studied and in the presence of NLCPQ-1. The dominant mechanisms, under hypoxic pretreatment conditions, participating in the potentiation were: a) extensive DNA damage, as measured by the comet and alkaline elution assays, b) DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis inhibition, c) significant delay in the traverse through the S phase, as observed by flow cytometry, and possibly d) suppression of PLD repair. Apoptosis was also detected 36 h posttreatment in the chemotherapeutic drug-treated as well as the combination drug-treated cells. Glutathione depletion by NLCPQ-1 metabolites under hypoxic conditions was also involved in the potentiation process, but its contribution in potentiation was minimal.

Alkylating Agents↗
PubMed1997

Salvage radiotherapy for local failures of lumpectomy and breast irradiation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In-breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) following lumpectomy and breast irradiation is usually managed by mastectomy. For women who refused mastectomy at the time of an IBTR, a repeat course of radiotherapy following repeat lumpectomy was offered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen women with an IBTR following lumpectomy, axillary node dissection and breast irradiation were treated with repeat lumpectomy and radiotherapy to the operative area. Fifteen patients received 5000 cGy/25 fractions. One patient discontinued radiotherapy for non-medical reasons after having received only 3200 cGy/16 fractions. The interval from completion of the initial course of radiotherapy to documentation of IBTR varied from 10-130 months (median 31 months). RESULTS: Four patients (20%) have had further local failure. Ten of sixteen patients (62.5%) are alive and free or disease at 42-119 months from completion of the repeat course of radiotherapy. Of these latter patients, one had another in-breast tumor recurrence treated by excision alone and another had an in-breast tumor recurrence in the contra lateral breast post-lumpectomy and irradiation. Four patients died with distant metastasis, one is currently alive with contralateral breast cancer and distant metastasis, and one is alive with an extensive recurrence in the re-irradiated breast. Two of the patients with distant metastasis had abnormal bone scans at the time they received the repeat course of radiotherapy. There have been no severe late sequelae from the repeat course of radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: For selected patients, a repeat course of radiotherapy for an IBTR following lumpectomy and radiotherapy is well tolerated and may provide long-term local control.

Adult↗