Biomedical subjects

W G Pond

Publications and source records attributed to W G Pond.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1993

Short-term ingestion of a high protein diet increases liver and kidney mass and protein accretion but not cellularity in young pigs.

Increased visceral organ mass raises the energy cost of maintenance in animals. To determine the nutritional factors that affect organ size during growth and development, we studied 12 genetically obese 4-week-old pigs for 14 days. The piglets had free access to either a control (17% protein) or a high protein (34%) diet. They were sacrificed after 14 days and their empty gastrointestinal tracts, livers, and kidneys were weighed and samples were analyzed for protein and DNA concentrations. The absolute and relative (percentage of body weight) weights of liver and kidneys were greater in high protein than control piglets: liver (313 vs 246 g, SD = 24, P < 0.09; 3.61% vs 3.18%, SD = 0.04, P < 0.01); kidneys (57 vs 41 g, SD = 4, P < 0.04; 0.66% vs 0.55%, SD = 0.02, P < 0.01). Protein content was greater in high protein than control pigs in both liver (48.2 vs 34.0 g, SD = 3.4, P < 0.03) and kidneys (6.0 vs 4.6 g, SD = 0.5, P < 0.06). Liver and kidney total DNA were unaffected by diet in both groups. The protein to DNA ratio was greater in high protein than control pigs in both liver (45.4 vs 39.0, SD = 0.6, P < 0.01) and kidneys (26.6 vs 24.9, SD = 0.4, P < 0.02). We conclude that when weaned pigs have free access to a high protein diet (2 x requirement) for 2 weeks, liver and kidney protein accretion increases, suggesting cell hypertrophy, with no clear evidence of cell hyperplasia.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Neonatal genetically lean and obese pigs respond differently to dietary cholesterol.

The impact of cholesterol exposure in early life on later cholesterol metabolism is not clearly understood. Sixteen newborn genetically lean and obese pigs were fed 0 or 5.0 g cholesterol/kg diet (0 or 0.5%) (liquid diets for 12 d, dry diets thereafter) for 33 d, after which they were all fed 10.0 g cholesterol/kg diet (1.0%) for 23 d. All animals were killed on d 56 and whole-body protein, fat and water were determined on the ground carcass. Dietary cholesterol had no consistent effect on growth rates or body composition. Mean fat content of lean pigs was 15.1% compared with 22.7% for obese pigs; corresponding values were 14.8 and 14.4% for protein and 65.5 and 58.3% for water. Concentrations of plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and apolipoproteins B and A-1 were increased by 0.5% dietary cholesterol in obese but not in lean piglets, although dietary cholesterol caused HDL and LDL size distribution profiles to shift toward larger-sized components in both strains. Plasma total cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations rose two- to eightfold in all groups after the 1% cholesterol diet was consumed; these changes were accompanied by shifts in LDL and HDL size distribution profiles towards larger-sized components. With 1.0% cholesterol in the diet of all groups, HDL cholesterol concentration increased by approximately 50% in both groups of lean pigs and in obese pigs previously fed cholesterol, but did not increase further in obese pigs previously fed 0.5% cholesterol. The magnitude of the hypercholesterolemic response in lean pigs was blunted by previous exposure to 0.5% dietary cholesterol, but the response was accentuated in obese animals that had been previously exposed to 0.5% dietary cholesterol. These data provide evidence that genetic differences between obese and lean pigs affect their serum lipoprotein responses to high cholesterol intake.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Characteristics of a new cellulolytic Clostridium sp. isolated from pig intestinal tract.

Gram-positive, spore-forming, motile, cellulolytic rods were isolated from 10(7) dilutions of pig fecal samples. The pigs had previously been fed pure cultures of the ruminal cellulolytic organism Clostridium longisporum. Isolates formed terminal to subterminal spores, and a fermentable carbohydrate was required for growth. Besides cellulose, the isolates utilized cellobiose, glycogen, maltose, and starch. However, glucose, fructose, sucrose, pectin, and xylose were not used as energy sources. Major fermentation products included formate and butyrate. The isolates did not digest proteins from gelatin or milk. Unlike C. longisporum, which has limited ability to degrade cell wall components from grasses (switchgrass, bromegrass, and ryegrass), the swine isolates were equally effective in degrading these components from both alfalfa and grasses. The extent of degradation was equal to or better than that observed with the predominant ruminal cellulolytic organisms. On the basis of morphology, motility, spore formation, fermentation products, and the ability to hydrolyze cellulose, the isolates are considered to be a new species of the genus Clostridium. It is unclear whether C. longisporum played a role in the establishment or occurrence of this newly described cellulolytic species. This is the first report of a cellulolytic Clostridium sp. isolated from the pig intestinal tract.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1992

Effect of dietary fat and cholesterol level on growing pigs selected for three generations for high or low serum cholesterol at age 56 days.

Thirty-six female pigs selected for three generations for high (HS, n = 18) and low (LS, n = 18) serum cholesterol at 56 d of age were used to test the hypothesis that the two populations would respond differently to a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HD) and a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet (LD). The animals were four-way crosses (Chester White x Landrace x Large White x Yorkshire). All pigs were fed a standard corn-soybean meal starter diet from weaning (at 4 wk) to 8 wk of age and a grower diet from 8 to 12 wk of age. Initial serum total cholesterol concentration at 12 wk of age was higher (P less than .05) in HS than in LS pigs (94.6 vs 76.9 mg/dL, respectively). The effect of genetic background persisted throughout the 13-wk experiment (25 wk of age); there was no interaction between diet and genetic background in serum total cholesterol (final concentrations were 114.3 mg/dL in HS-HD; 107.0 mg/dL in HS-LD; 105.9 mg/dL in LS-HD; and 89.7 mg/dL LS-LD). Trends over time revealed significant effects of diet (P less than .01) and genetic background (P less than .01) on serum total cholesterol. There was no effect of genetic background on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as a percentage of serum total cholesterol was similar for all groups: 43% for HS-HD, 48% for HS-LD, 42% for LS-HD, and 45% for LS-LD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

Response of blood serum constituents to production of and recovery from a kwashiorkor-like syndrome in the young pig.

Twenty-six 3-week-old genetically obese pigs were fed in two experiments to determine the serum chemistry profile during severe protein malnutrition and repletion. Severe protein deficiency was produced in pigs fed the high-fat, low-protein diet (growth failure, rough hair, low serum total protein and albumin). In Experiment 1, blood was sampled from the anterior vena cava of each pig five times during depletion and three times during repletion to determine serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, glucose, Ca, inorganic P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, total bilirubin, urea N, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. In Experiment 2, blood was sampled weekly for 8 weeks for serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, glucose, Ca, P, Mg and alkaline phosphatase. HDL-cholesterol was increased (P less than 0.01) and albumin was decreased (P less than 0.01) in protein-deficient pigs in both experiments. Creatinine, total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were elevated in protein-deficient pigs compared with controls after 7 weeks of depletion. Inorganic P (P less than 0.01), Ca (P less than 0.01), and Mg (P less than 0.05) concentrations were depressed in protein-depleted pigs compared with controls in both experiments. After 8 weeks of repletion in Experiment 1, all elements except inorganic P were similar in the two groups. Short-term, severe, protein malnutrition affected lipid, electrolyte, and structural mineral metabolism and indices of liver function in the absence of parasites, diarrhea, and infection. The effects were reversed after 8 weeks of repletion. We conclude that the elevated serum cholesterol in protein deficiency is related primarily to an increase in the HDL fraction.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMed1992

Response of fetal and newborn piglets to maternal protein restriction during early or late pregnancy.

Dietary protein restriction during pregnancy has an adverse effect on progeny development, although the importance of the time at which the nutritional insult occurs is unclear. The objective in our study was to test the hypothesis that severe protein restriction during the first trimester of swine pregnancy has a greater detrimental effect on fetal development than restriction in late pregnancy. On the day of mating, primiparous swine were assigned to control (C, 13% protein) or protein-restricted (PR, 0.5% protein) diets and fed in 4 regimens: 1) C diet throughout pregnancy (114 +/- 2 days) (n = 5), 2) PR diet to day 44, C diet to parturition (n = 6), 3) C diet to day 80, PR diet to parturition (n = 8), and 4) PR diet throughout pregnancy (n = 6). In addition, 6 pigs fed C and 7 pigs fed PR diets were killed at day 44 to assess placental and fetal development. Maternal diet had no effect on placental or fetal weight, crown-rump length, or heart girth circumference in 44-day fetuses. Mean birth weight of newborn piglets was 1462, 1291, 1262, and 1064 g for C, PR:C, C:PR, and PR groups, respectively (C greater than PR:C = C:PR greater than PR, p less than 0.01). Plasma total protein and albumin were less (p less than 0.01) in PR than in PR:C and C:PR; all three groups were less than C (p less than 0.01). Liver weight and total liver protein, RNA, and DNA followed the same pattern (C greater than PR:C = C:PR greater than PR, p less than 0.05). Longissimus muscle total protein, RNA, and DNA were greater in group C than in all other groups (p less than 0.01). Maternal protein restriction during early pregnancy produced less developmental impairment than restriction throughout pregnancy, but the magnitude of impairment was similar to that produced by restriction during only the third trimester. The effects of early restriction were manifested at birth, even though none of the indices of stunting were observed at 44 days when the maternal protein restriction was ended. Whether the effects of early versus late restriction show the same mechanism of action has not been determined.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Fetal organ response to maternal protein deprivation during pregnancy in swine.

To test the hypothesis that maternal protein deprivation in early pregnancy retards body and organ growth of 63-d (midterm) pig fetuses, 16 primiparous domestic four-way crossbred swine were fed a diet adequate in protein (13% protein) (A) or a protein-restricted (0.7% protein) diet (PR) from d 1 to 63 of pregnancy or to parturition. Maternal body weight, plasma protein, hematocrit, and heart and spleen weights were reduced, and indices of body fatness were increased by the PR diet. Fetal body weights were reduced and fetal placental weights were increased at d 63 by protein restriction. Length from crown to rump and weights of liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and cerebrum were lower in PR than in A fetuses. Concentrations of protein, RNA and DNA in liver, cerebrum and longissimus muscle were unaffected by maternal diet, but total amounts of all three constituents in liver and cerebrum were lower in PR than in A. Relative organ weights were similar in A and PR fetuses except that kidneys and gastrointestinal tract were greater in A fetuses. Newborn body weights and absolute organ weights were generally lower in PR than in A, but relative weights were similar. The observed reduction in body and organ weights and amounts of protein, RNA and DNA in 63-d fetuses and newborn progeny of PR swine establishes that the stunting effect of maternal protein restriction can be initiated by midterm, preceding the period of most rapid accretion of body tissues during prenatal life in the pig.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1991

Porcine adrenal adrenocorticotropic hormone receptors: characterization, changes during neonatal development, and response to a stressor.

ACTH receptors were characterized in the porcine adrenal cortex using a biologically active [125I] Tyr23,Phe2,Nle4ACTH(1-38) analog, and a 149,000 X g(av) total particulate tissue preparation. Binding of this labeled ACTH analog to adrenocortical ACTH receptors was demonstrated to be time and temperature dependent, tissue and hormone specific, saturable, reversible, have a binding optimum at pH 7.5, and be dependent on the presence of Ca++. Scatchard analyses of saturation data using the computer program LIGAND indicated a single class of high affinity binding sites [association constant (Ka) = 2.00 +/- 0.25 10(9) M-1)]. Hill plots of saturation data had slopes (b = 0.83 +/- 0.09) that did not differ from 1, and hence also indicated a single class of binding sites. The rate constant of association (k1 = 3.72 +/- 1.19 X 10(8) min-1M-1) was compatible with the known rapidly occurring action of ACTH in pigs in vivo. Kinetic experiments also indicated the ACTH receptors to be of high affinity (4.18 +/- 0.54 X 10(10) M-1; n = 4). Receptor-associated degradation occurring to analog during incubations involved cleavage of the peptide into fragments rather than deiodination and could be partially prevented by use of 0.01% bacitracin. Subsequently, a study was conducted to determine changes in the ability of piglets to respond, in terms of plasma cortisol, to the physiological and psychological stressor of overnight maternal deprivation (MD) at various neonatal ages (days 3-31 of age); to measure age-related and stressor-associated changes in adrenal ACTH receptors; and to associate any changes in adrenal response with changes in ACTH receptors. Plasma cortisol obtained by venipuncture did not vary with age in either control or MD piglets but was elevated by MD (16.98 +/- 2.5 vs. 68.3 +/- 8.2 ng/ml). There was no effect of MD and associated hormonal perturbations on adrenal ACTH receptors. However, there were significant age-related differences in these receptors, with a 1.6-fold increase in concentrations (55.6 +/- 12.0 fmol/mg protein), and a 63% decrease (P less than 0.05) in affinity (4.19 +/- 0.86 x 10(8) M-1) evident at 17 days of age compared with 10 and 24 days of age. The significance of these age-related changes in ACTH receptors for adrenal function remains to be determined; however, it is evident that in neonatal pigs, there is no stress nonresponsive period.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1991

Potential contribution of absorbed volatile fatty acids to whole-animal energy requirement in conscious swine.

Chronic cannulas were placed in the hepatic portal vein, ileal vein, and carotid artery in seven crossbred growing gilts trained to consume once daily 1.2 kg of a 16% CP corn-soybean meal diet. Eleven days after surgery, each pig (37.4 kg BW) was placed in an open-circuit calorimeter and its cannulas were connected to a system for determining portal absorption of nutrients. The whole-animal heat production and net portal absorption of gut VFA were measured simultaneously for 12 h after the pig was fed 1.2 kg of feed. Plasma concentrations of VFA, including acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids, in portal and arterial samples were determined by gas chromatography after a cleanup by ion-exchange chromatography. The net portal absorption of VFA was calculated by multiplying the porto-arterial plasma concentration difference of the VFA by portal vein plasma flow. Plasma flow was estimated by the indicator-dilution technique using p-aminohippuric acid as the indicator. The energy value of absorbed VFA was the sum of products of each individual VFA multiplied by its corresponding value of the heat of combustion. The mean hourly energy value of absorbed VFA during the 12-h postprandial period was .65 +/- .03 kcal.h-1.kg BW-1. The mean hourly whole-animal heat production was 2.70 +/- .04 kcal.h-1.kg BW-1. Thus, in our 37.4-kg pigs, which were trained to consume 1.2 kg of a 16% CP corn-soybean meal diet once daily, the gut VFA absorbed into the portal vein could contribute 23.8 +/- 1.1% to whole-animal heat production if all of the absorbed VFA were combusted to CO2.

Absorption↗

PubMed1991

Nutritional, physiological, genetic, sex, and age effects on fat-free dry matter composition of the body in avian, fish, and mammalian species: a review.

The purpose of this review is to outline and interpret the effects of nutrition, physiological state, sex, genetics, and age on composition of the fat-free dry matter of birds, mammals, and fishes in order to test the hypothesis that the protein:ash ratio in the body is constant. Calculations from a broad array of published data revealed that nutritional factors, including mineral, protein and amino acid nutriture, frequency and level of feeding, and energy intake and nonnutritional factors, including physiological state, sex, genetic background, and age of animal, may each alter the ratio of protein:ash in the body. All or part of the response may be associated with changes in accretion of body protein and(or) skeletal development and mineralization imposed by these nutritional and nonnutritional factors. In most cases of amino acid or protein deficiency, the protein:ash ratio was decreased relative to the control because the deposition of protein in muscle and viscera was reduced more than the growth and mineralization of the skeleton. In other cases, the protein:ash ratio was increased relative to a control because the dietary Ca or P intake or absorption limited skeletal mineralization. More knowledge is needed of how skeletal development and protein:ash ratio in the body is regulated, especially under the influence of nutritional, ontogenetic, and physiological variables among different genotypes of mammals, birds, and fishes. Documentation that the protein:ash ratio in the whole body of representative mammals, birds, and fishes is not constant, but is subject to manipulation, has important physiological and economic implications for developing food animals for the efficient production of lean meat.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1991

Measurement of in vivo cholesterol synthesis from 2H2O: a rapid procedure for the isolation, combustion, and isotopic assay of erythrocyte cholesterol.

A rapid preparative scale purification of erythrocyte free cholesterol has been developed for measurements of in vivo cholesterol synthesis from 2H2O. The quantity and purity of cholesterol obtained is suitable for combustion, zinc reduction of the water formed, and determination of deuterium isotopic content by gas isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The ability to detect and to quantitate a range of cholesterol synthesis rates is illustrated by measurements on young pigs receiving diets without and with added dietary cholesterol.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Organ hypertrophy and responses of colon microbial populations of growing swine to high dietary protein.

Thirty-two castrated male crossbred growing pigs (average initial wt 26.9 kg) were used to determine the effect of a high level of dietary protein (37%) compared with a normal level of protein (15%) on enterobacteria and Campylobacter sp. inhabitation in the large intestine and on visceral organ hypertrophy and the interrelationships between these two factors. Pigs were kept in pairs (eight pens of two pigs/diet) and fed their respective diets and libitum. Eight pigs (two pens of two pigs fed each diet) were killed at wk 4, 8, 12 and 16 without fasting. Fecal samples were obtained every 2 wk from animals scheduled for necropsy at 16 wk, and colon contents were obtained from all pigs at necropsy; samples were enumerated individually for enterobacteria and Campylobacter sp. Weights of heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, perirenal fat and empty stomach, small intestine and large intestine were recorded at necropsy. Stomach, cecum and proximal colon were sectioned for histopathologic examination. Daily body weight gain was depressed by high dietary protein, but liver and kidneys were heavier in the high protein group than in controls at each time interval. Mild lymphoid hyperplasia of Peyer's patches in the small intestine in some pigs in both groups was indicative of antigenic stimulation but not of pathologic significance. There was no effect of diet on counts of enterobacteria or Campylobacter sp. in feces or colon contents during the 16-wk experiment. We conclude that the hypertrophic response of the tissues of growing pigs to high dietary protein is not the result of the presence of Campylobacter sp. or enterobacteria in the colon contents.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Effects of ractopamine on genetically obese and lean pigs.

Twenty-eight genetically obese and 24 lean barrows (65.0 and 68.7 kg average BW, respectively) were allotted within genotype to a 16% CP corn-soybean meal basal diet or this basal diet + 20 ppm ractopamine (a phenethanolamine beta-adrenergic agonist) and allowed ad libitum access to feed for 48 d. Compared to lean pigs, obese pigs had lower ADG, gain to feed ratio, longissimus muscle area, predicted amount of muscle, and weights of trimmed loin and ham, ham lean, heart, spleen, kidney and gastrointestinal tract (P less than .05). Obese pigs also had shorter carcass but higher dressing percentage, backfat thickness, fat depth, fat area, untrimmed loin weight and fasting plasma urea N concentration (P less than .05). Dietary supplementation with 20 ppm ractopamine reduced daily feed intake and improved gain to feed ratio in both lean and obese pigs (P less than .05). Pigs fed ractopamine had shorter carcasses, less fat depth and fat area, smaller weights of stomach and colon plus rectum, but higher dressing percentages, longissimus muscle areas, weights of trimmed Boston butts, picnics and loins, ham lean and predicted amounts of muscle than pigs not fed ractopamine (P less than .05). Supplemental ractopamine had no effect on fasting plasma concentrations of urea N, nonesterified fatty acids, triglyceride or glucose (P greater than .05). No genotype x ractopamine interactions for the criteria described above were detected (P greater than .05). These results suggest that ractopamine will improve the efficiency of feed utilization and carcass leanness in swine with different propensities for body fat deposition.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1990

Effect of carbadox on net absorption of ammonia and glucose into hepatic portal vein of growing pigs.

Chronic cannulas were placed into the hepatic portal vein, ileal vein and carotid artery of growing pigs trained to consume their daily allowance of 1.2 kg of feed (16% protein corn-soybean meal basal diet) in a single meal. The average preoperative BW of pigs was 44.7 kg for Trial 1 (three pigs) and 35.3 kg for Trial 2 (seven pigs). In Trial 1, net absorption of ammonia (NH3) and glucose into the portal vein was determined three times at weekly intervals. The net portal absorptions were derived by multiplying the porto-arterial plasma concentration difference of NH3 and glucose by portal vein plasma flow rate estimated with the p-aminohippuric acid indicator-dilution technique. Differences in the net portal absorptions of NH3 and glucose among the three weekly measurements were small (P greater than .05). In Trial 2, the first sequence of net portal absorption measurements was conducted when pigs were fed the basal diet, and the second sequence of measurements was conducted after the pigs had been fed the diet supplemented with 55 ppm of carbadox for 7 d. Carbadox supplementation reduced (P less than .05) plasma NH3 concentration in portal plasma during the 2.5-h to 5-h postprandial period and decreased (P less than .05) net portal absorption of NH3 during the 2.5-h to 4-h postprandial period. Carbadox, however, did not affect (P greater than .05) net portal absorption of glucose. We suggest that carbadox suppresses the production of cell-toxic NH3 by intestinal microorganisms and, thus, reduces the injury and turnover of intestinal cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ammonia↗

PubMed1990

Differential compensatory growth in swine following control of feed intake by a high-alfalfa diet fed ad libitum or by limited feed.

Seventy-two castrated male four-way composite (Chester White x Landrace x Large White x Yorkshire) weanling pigs (17 kg initial BW) were used to determine the compensatory response of specific organs and whole body following a 3-wk period of restricted energy intake imposed by ad libitum-feeding an 80% alfalfa meal diet or pair-feeding an adequate corn-soybean meal diet to attain equal weight loss. Six pigs were killed at d 0 to provide baseline data. Six pigs from each diet group (control, C; alfalfa, A, restricted, R) were killed at d 21, after which all remaining pigs were fed C ad libitum to 35 d, 105 d or 126 d. Six pigs per group were killed at 35 and 105 d and four per group were killed at 126 d. Organ weight and carcass data were recorded for all pigs at all time intervals. Regression of organ and trimmed lean tissue weights on time was tested for linearity (d 1 to 126 for C and d 21 to 126 for A and R except d 35 to 126 for gastrointestinal tract traits for A and R); differences in organ weights between C, A and R at d 21 and d 35 were tested by a two-way analysis of variance. There was no evidence of a compensatory growth response to dietary energy restriction for 21 d except for rate of change in weights of liver and kidneys and backfat depth from 21 to 126 d and of gastrointestinal tract components from 21 to 35 d. Specific organs may exhibit compensatory growth over different time spans in young pigs in the absence of observable weight compensation at the whole-animal level.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1990

Nutritive value of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) meal: utilization by growing pigs of semipurified diets in which rubber seed meal partially replaced soybean meal.

Thirty-six four-way cross (Chester White X Landrace X Large White X Yorkshire) growing barrows and gilts were used to investigate the effects of replacing graded levels of protein from soybean meal with equivalent levels of protein from rubber seed meal in 16% CP semipurified diets on the performance characteristics, hematocrit, plasma metabolites and N utilization of pigs. The first diet (control) was largely cornstarch-soybean meal in which the soybean meal supplied all of the CP. In other diets, rubber seed meal replaced 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively, of the protein of soybean meal in the control diet. Twenty gilts were used in a 28-d growth trial and 16 barrows were used in an 8-d digestion trial (4-d collection). There were no differences (P greater than .05) in ADG, ADF intake and in the feed:gain ratios, even though there was a trend for lower ADG and gain:feed ratio as the level of rubber seed meal increased in the diet. There were no differences in hematocrit, but plasma protein and albumin tended to be depressed when rubber seed meal provided more than 10% of the dietary protein. Apparent digestibilities of GE, DM and N were lower with rubber seed meal at 20% of the protein than with any other diet, but apparent N retained and the percent of digested N retained were not depressed significantly (P greater than .05). Although rubber seed meal protein is of poorer quality than soybean meal protein for growing pigs, at least 10% of dietary protein can be provided by rubber seed meal without adversely affecting growth and N utilization.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

Responses to cimaterol in genetically obese and lean pigs.

Twenty-four genetically obese and 24 lean barrows were allotted within genotype to either a 16% CP corn-soybean meal basal diet, the basal + .69 ppm cimaterol or the basal + 1.38 ppm cimaterol. Pigs had ad libitum access to their diets from 59.3 kg to 104.5 kg body weight. No genotype x cimaterol interactions were detected (P greater than .05). Neither genotype nor cimaterol supplementation had any effect (P greater than .05) on average daily weight gain or gain-to-feed ratio. Compared with lean pigs, obese pigs had higher fasting plasma urea nitrogen (BUN), a smaller gastrointestinal tract and a greater dressing percentage with a shorter and fatter carcass (P less than .05). Cimaterol produced a higher fasting plasma BUN, a greater dressing percentage with a leaner carcass and a higher shear force value for loin chops (P less than .05). Cimaterol also tended (P less than .10) to increase heart weight. However, no difference was observed in these measurements between pigs fed .69 or 1.38 ppm cimaterol. In lean pigs fed the basal or .69 ppm cimaterol diet, there was no difference (P greater than .05) in the 8 to 24 h postprandial whole-animal heat production. Cimaterol effectively decreased fat deposition and increased lean accretion both in genetically obese and in lean pigs; there were no differential responses to cimaterol in pigs with different propensities to deposit body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1990

Reduced mature size in progeny of swine severely restricted in protein intake during pregnancy.

The objective was to determine the effects of maternal gestation diet on mature body and organ size and composition of progeny. Female progeny of swine fed daily 1.8 kg (6,000 kcal DE) of a semipurified diet containing less than 0.5% protein (PR), 1.8 kg (6,000 kcal) of a standard maize-soybean meal-based gestation diet (C) or 0.6 kg (2,000 kcal DE) of C diet to d 70 of gestation and 1.8 kg (6,000 kcal DE) from d 71 to parturition (R) were used. They were fed ad libitum a standard maize-soybean meal-based growing diet to age 25 wk, then continued on limited feed intake to age 62 wk, then returned to ad libitum intake to age 119 wk. Body weight and ultrasonically determined subcutaneous backfat depth were recorded at 62, 79, 97, 105 and 119 wk of age and indices of body composition and organ weights were recorded on carcasses of animals killed at age 119 wk. Progeny of PR dams were permanently stunted in mature body weight and in weights of eviscerated carcass, heart, liver, kidneys, stomach and small intestine, but not in cerebrum, cerebellum weights or RNA and DNA content. It is concluded that severe protein restriction during gestation in swine resulted in permanent whole body weight stunting of progeny but that weights and total protein, RNA and DNA content of cerebrum, cerebellum and RNA and DNA concentration of longissimus muscle were unaffected.

Aging↗