Tissue mineral element content in swine fed clinoptilolite.
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Aluminum Silicates↗
Biomedical subjects
W G Pond
Publications and source records attributed to W G Pond.
Porcine adrenal prolactin receptors: characterization, changes during neonatal development and effects of hypoprolactinemia.
1. Adrenal prolactin (PRL) receptors were identified within the adrenal cortex of pigs (Sus domesticus), and found to be located specifically on isolated zona fasciculata/reticularis cells (6437 sites per cell). 2. These PRL receptors were associated with binding to [125I]-oPRL which was characterized as being time and temperature dependent, specific for PRL, saturable, of high affinity (Ka = 10(10)/M) with a single class of binding sites, and irreversible except under extreme conditions. 3. The concentrations (fmol/mg protein) of PRL receptors decreased by 35% (P less than 0.05) between 3 and 10 days of age, and subsequently remained constant until 30 days of age. Total content (fmol/paired adrenals) increased progressively (2-fold, P less than 0.05) between 3 and 30 days of age. 4. Short-term (less than 16 hr) and prolonged (7 weeks) hypoprolactinemia (46-64% of control levels, P less than 0.05) were not associated with changes in numbers of porcine adrenal unoccupied PRL receptors.
Adrenal Cortex↗
Effects of dietary fiber and protein concentration on growth, feed efficiency, visceral organ weights and large intestine microbial populations of swine.
Finishing barrows (average initial weight 55.5 +/- 2.4 kg) were used to determine the effects of high dietary fiber or protein on performance, visceral organ weights and large intestine microbial populations and to monitor the duration of regression of swine visceral organ mass and microbial populations to control values following transfer from the high fiber or high protein diet to the control diet. Four pigs from each diet were killed on d 17, 34, 48 and 66. From d 34 until slaughter 14 and 32 d later, all remaining pigs were fed the control diet ad libitum. High fiber resulted in significantly higher relative weight of the total gastrointestinal tract after 34 d and higher relative stomach weight up to d 48. Compared with the control diet, the high protein diet resulted in increased relative liver and kidney weights up to d 48. The number of proteolytic and cellulolytic bacteria increased in the colon contents of pigs fed a high protein or high fiber diet, respectively, but declined to below control values within 14 d of transferring pigs from the high protein or high fiber diet to the control diet. The results indicate that diet composition plays a more specific role in visceral organ hypertrophy than can be explained by the normal relative changes in organ size as body weight increases. Thus, high dietary fiber and protein may indirectly increase the animal's maintenance requirement by causing a repartitioning of nutrients from the edible carcass to the visceral organs.
Animals↗
Effects of dietary protein level and clinoptilolite on the weight gain and liver mineral response of growing lambs to copper supplementation.
Growing male Synthetic I (1/2 Finnish Landrace x 1/4 Dorset x 1/4 Rambouillet) lambs were used in two experiments (64 lambs in Exp. 1 and 63 in Exp. 2) to test the hypothesis that dietary CP level (9 or 14% of diet as fed) and(or) clinoptilolite (clino; 0 or 2% of diet) affects growth and tissue mineral concentrations of growing lambs fed supplemental Cu. Lambs were individually fed their respective diets ad libitum and killed after 12 wk (Exp. 1) or 16 wk (Exp. 2) to obtain carcass measurements, organ weights and liver mineral concentrations. In Exp. 1, 20 ppm added Cu (as CuSO4.5H2O) increased mortality and depressed BW gain (P less than .01) and daily feed intake (P less than .05) in the presence or absence of clino and at both levels of CP. Liver Cu concentration was greater (P less than .01) in lambs fed added Cu than in those not fed Cu (408 ppm vs 110 ppm, respectively). Neither CP nor clino affected liver Cu concentration. Clinoptilolite increased daily gain of lambs fed high CP but not low CP (P less than .01). In Exp. 2, clino in the diet had no effect on daily gain or daily feed, but 20 ppm Cu addition depressed daily gain (P less than .01) and gain/feed (P less than .07). Organ weights and levels of trace elements other than Cu in the liver generally were not affected by diet in either experiment. It is concluded that high dietary CP or 2% dietary clino did not protect against toxic signs of Cu when Cu was added to the basal diet (10 ppm Cu) at 10 or 20 ppm.
Aluminum Silicates↗
Nutritive value of a vegetable amaranth cultivar for growing lambs.
Current interest in amaranth as a food resource for humans and animals has been stimulated by activities in germplasm collection and testing in the U.S. Fifteen growing, intact male lambs weighing 18.7 kg were assigned randomly to three diets (five lambs/diet) for a 14-d growth trial followed immediately by an 8-d (4-d adjustment, 4-d collection) digestion and N balance trial to determine the utilization of the forage component (leaves and stems) of an African cultivar (Zimbabwe cultivar PI 482049, Amaranthus cruentus L.) All diets contained 40.95% ground corn, 8.0% soybean meal and 1.05% mineral-vitamin supplement plus either 50% ground alfalfa hay, 25% ground alfalfa hay plus 25% ground amaranth forage or 50% ground amaranth forage. Lambs had ad libitum access to feed during the growth trial and at 4% of BW daily during the digestion and N balance period. Replacement of half or all the alfalfa in the diet with amaranth had no effect on weight gain or feed utilization. Apparent digestibility of cell contents, NDF, ADF, cellulose, ADL, N and GE and percentage of absorbed N retained did not differ among the three diets. The amaranth vegetable cultivar Zimbabwe PI 482049 promoted weight gain and feed utilization equal to that obtained with alfalfa as the sole forage for growing lambs. Additional research is needed to evaluate further the potential role of forage/vegetable amaranth as an animal feed resource.
Amaranthus↗
Comparative response of swine and rats to high-fiber or high-protein diets.
Twenty-four growing swine and 24 growing rats were fed high-protein (34%) diets on an ad libitum basis to determine their effects on body weight, carcass characteristics, intestinal microbiological profile and visceral organ weights. High dietary fiber reduced body weight gain and gain:feed ratio in both swine and rats and decreased body fatness in swine; it increased relative kidney weight (percentage of body weight) in both swine and rats and decreased relative liver weight in rats but increased it in swine. Absolute weights of stomach and large intestine were unaffected by high fiber in either species, but relative weight of small and large intestine was increased in swine and relative weight of stomach was increased in rats. High dietary protein increased absolute and relative weights of kidneys in both species and increased relative liver in swine but not in rats. Absolute weight of large intestine was increased by high dietary protein in rats and tended to be increased in swine; relative large intestine weight was increased in both species. The microbial profile of large intestinal contents of rats showed no effect of diet on Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, Salmonella or total anaerobes and cellulolytic organisms, but coliforms were higher in rats fed high fiber or high protein than in controls. We conclude that dietary levels of fiber and protein influence growth of specific segments of the gastrointestinal tract of growing rats and swine, probably by different mechanisms of action.
Animal Feed↗
Oxygen consumption by portal vein-drained organs and by whole animal in conscious growing swine.
A method was developed to measure simultaneously the O2 consumption (VO) by the whole animal and by the hepatic portal vein-drained organs (PVDO), including the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas in conscious 3.5- to 4-month-old swine. The method was used to determine (i) the effect of feeding on hepatic portal vein blood flow rate (Qpv) and VO by PVDO and by the whole animal, and (ii) the significance of PVDO on the oxidative demand in the pig. Chronic cannulas were placed in the hepatic portal vein, carotid artery, and ileal vein. The Qpv was determined by an indicator dilution technique employing continuous constant infusion of 1% p-aminohippuric acid into the ileal vein. The VO2 by PVDO was estimated by multiplying Qpv by arterial-portal vein O2 difference measured with an arterial-venous O2 difference analyzer connected to the carotid artery and portal vein cannulas. Whole animal VO2 was measured with an open circuit indirect calorimeter. In seven pigs (3.5- to 4-month-old, 37.4 +/- 0.8 kg) trained to be fed once daily, feeding (1.2 kg of feed mixed with 1.2 liter of H2O) caused postprandial (6 hr) Qpv to increase more than 34 +/- 15% above the preprandial value of 34.5 +/- 4.2 ml.min-1.kg-1 body wt. The postprandial VO2 by PVDO was elevated more than 46 +/- 12% above the value of 1.52 +/- 0.20 ml.min-1.kg-1 body wt observed during the preprandial period. Whole animal VO2 increased 45 +/- 9 and 33 +/- 7% above the preprandial value of 6.23 +/- 0.57 ml.min-1.kg-1 body wt for the first 6 hr and the 7 to 12 hr after feeding, respectively. Although PVDO represent only 5% of body weight, they used 25% of whole body VO2. The study clearly illustrates the significance of PVDO on the whole animal oxidative demand in conscious growing swine.
Animals↗
Growth of whole body and organs of growing rats during feed restriction and subsequent realimentation.
Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats (average body weight 70.6 +/- SD 11.6 g) were divided into two equal groups. One group was fed a 17% protein (N x 6.25) diet ad libitum for 42 d (Control). The second group was fed the same diet at 60% of the intake of the Control group for 14d (Restricted) and ad libitum for the remaining 28 d. Three rats per group were euthanized on d 1 and five rats per group on d 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 and weights of the body, heart, spleen, liver, kidneys, epididymal fat, empty stomach, large and small intestines, and length of the left femur were recorded. The empty stomach, large and small intestines were dried to constant weight at 65 degrees C and assayed for crude protein content. Body weight, feed efficiency, weights of the heart, liver and epididymal fat were significantly reduced, while relative weight of the stomach and crude protein content of the small intestine were significantly increased in the restricted group during the period of feed restriction. Body and organ weights, however, compensated and caught up with control values within 14 d of feed rehabilitation and, by 28 d of realimentation, body weight, heart, liver and stomach weights were significantly greater in restricted than in control rats. Femur length was reduced by feed restriction, but continued to increase during restriction and realimentation. Gastrointestinal tract segments were less affected by feed restriction and responded more quickly to realimentation than the whole body.
Animal Feed↗
Comparative response of lean or genetically obese swine and their progeny to severe feed restriction during gestation.
Genetically obese (O) or lean (L) primiparous gilts were assigned on the day of mating to an adequate [control (C) or restricted (R)] intake of feed. Body weight and ultrasonically estimated backfat depth were recorded at wk 0 (mating), 4, 8, 12 and 16 of pregnancy, and at d 2-3, 21 and 28 of lactation. Number of pigs born, survival rate to 28 d of age and piglet body weight at 0, 14, 21 and 28 d of age were recorded. Four male and four female progeny from each diet group of each genetic strain were slaughtered at 6 mo of age for carcass and organ weight measurements. OR and LR gilts responded similarly to feed restriction in body weight change, backfat depth and plasma traits. Body weight increased throughout gestation in OC and LC gilts but decreased about 6 kg in OR and LR gilts. Backfat remained relatively constant throughout gestation in OC and LC gilts but declined steadily in LR and OR gilts. There were no genetic group x diet interactions for any trait measured. Litter size and piglet survival were not affected by diet or genetic group, but piglet birth weight and daily gain to d 28 and to wk 25 were lower in both R groups. Backfat accretion and other indices of carcass fatness were reduced in progeny of R dams.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adipose Tissue↗
Effect of dietary fiber on young adult genetically lean, obese and contemporary pigs: body weight, carcass measurements, organ weights and digesta content.
Twenty-one genetically lean, obese or contemporary barrows (6 mo old; seven of each genotype) were assigned to individual tether stalls and fed a control diet (low-fiber) or a diet containing 80% alfalfa meal (high-fiber) at 1.50% of initial body weight for 71 d (1.75% for d 1 to 4). Backfat thickness was recorded ultrasonically at 2-wk intervals, and body weight was recorded at the beginning and end of the 10-wk experiment. Pigs were slaughtered after a 24-h fast, and carcass weight, length and backfat thickness and cross-sectional area of the longissimus muscle were measured. Weights of cecum, heart, liver and kidney and of full and empty stomach and colon and empty small intestine were recorded. Volume and weight of colon and cecum contents were determined. Restriction of digestible energy reduced weight gain to zero or below in pigs fed alfalfa meal compared with 220 g daily in pigs fed the low-fiber diet. Restriction of energy reduced backfat in all three genotypes. Liver, kidney and empty segments of the gastrointestinal tract as a percentage of body weight were increased by high fiber. Obese pigs had smaller longissimus muscle area, more backfat and smaller liver, heart, empty stomach and colon than lean or contemporary pigs, but there were no diet X genotype interactions for any of these traits. Obese pigs consistently had smaller digesta volumes and dry matter weights than the other genotypes. The increased relative organ weights and the associated disproportionate contribution of these organs to body energy expenditure have important implications for effects on basal metabolic rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Effects of dietary fiber of young adult genetically lean, obese and contemporary pigs: rate of passage, digestibility and microbiological data.
Twenty-one genetically lean, obese or contemporary slaughter weight castrated male pigs (6 mo old; seven of each genotype) were assigned to individual tether stalls and fed either a control diet (low fiber) or a diet containing 80% alfalfa meal (high fiber) at 1.50% of initial body weight for 71 d (1.75% for d 1 to 4). Apparent dry matter digestibility of the diets was estimated by determining acid insoluble ash in fecal samples. Fecal cellulolytic bacteria and total viable bacteria were enumerated at d 0, 14, 35, 49 and 70. Fecal inocula were used to determine 48-h in vitro digestibility of alfalfa meal fractions on the same days. Digesta rate of passage was determined by feeding a pulse dose of chromium-mordanted alfalfa fiber to the pigs fed the high-fiber diet. In vivo digestibility of both diets was less for the obese pigs than for the lean or contemporary genotypes. In vitro digestibility of alfalfa fiber fractions was not different between the genotypes fed either diet. When the high-fiber diet was fed, in vitro digestibility increased for all genotypes from d 0 to d 14, but not thereafter. The numbers of cellulolytic bacteria for all three genotypes were greater when pigs were fed the high-fiber diet (23.0 X 10(8), 51.6 X 10(8), 37.2 X 10(8) per gram fecal dry weight; obese, lean and contemporary, respectively) compared to the low-fiber diet (3.0 X 10(8), 3.2 X 10(8), 3.4 X 10(8), respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Body weight deficit in the absence of reduction in cerebrum weight and nucleic acid content in progeny of swine restricted in protein intake during pregnancy.
Fifty-six castrated male progeny of crossbred (Chester White x Landrace x Large White x Yorkshire) dams fed an adequate diet (control, C), a control diet fed at one-third of C (restricted, R), or diets severely deficient in protein (PF) or restricted in nonprotein calories (RCal) were killed at age 25 weeks. Dams were fed their respective diets in the following regimens: C, 1.8 kg (6000 kcal daily) throughout pregnancy; R, 0.6 kg of C diet daily for 70 days, then 1.8 kg of C daily to parturition at about 114 days; PF, 1.8 kg of a "protein-free" diet (less than 0.2% protein) throughout pregnancy; RCal, 0.6 kg daily (2000 kcal) of a diet containing three times the concentration of protein, minerals, and vitamins provided by the C diet for 70 days, then 1.8 kg of C daily to parturition. All dams were fed an adequate diet ad libitum through a 28-day lactation. Castrated male progeny were assigned to one of two replicates based on birth date and fed a corn-soybean meal diet ad libitum from weaning to age 25 weeks, supplemented from age 10 to 12 weeks with 0, 110, or 220 mg/kg of thyroprotein (iodinated casein). Cerebrum weight was unaffected by maternal diet, despite a significant (P less than 0.001) reduction in body weight of progeny of PF dams compared with other groups, resulting in a higher relative cerebrum weight in progeny of PF dams than in progeny of C, R, and RCal dams. Absolute and relative weights of RNA, DNA, and total protein in cerebrum were unaffected by maternal diet. Thyroprotein supplementation to the diet of the progeny had no effect on cerebrum weight or its protein or nucleic acid content. It is concluded that maternal protein deprivation but not restriction of feed or nonprotein calorie intake to one-third of recommended allowance during gestation results in stunting of body weight in young adult progeny but does not affect cerebrum weight, cerebrum cell number (DNA), or protein synthetic activity (RNA), or RNA-to-protein ratio.
Animals↗
Maternal tissue repartitioning in pregnant primiparous swine in response to restriction of calories or feed.
Crossbred (Chester White x Landrace x Large White x Yorkshire) primiparous gilts were fed daily a corn-soybean meal-based gestation diet at 1.8 kg (C) or 0.6 kg (R) (6000 or 2000 kcal calculated digestible energy, DE) or a high-protein diet (RCal) at 0.6 kg (2000 kcal calculated DE) from day of mating to slaughter at 100 to 106 days of gestation. The RCal diet contained three times the concentrations of protein and of mineral and vitamin supplement present in the C diet. Body weight and ultrasonically estimated backfat depth were recorded at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postcoitum. The results showed differential effects of form of diet restriction (R vs RCal) on body weight, backfat depth, relative and absolute uterine weight, and on relative kidney, stomach, and trimmed wholesale cut weights of the dam. Maternal and fetal plasma glucose and urea-N concentrations were higher in RCal than in R groups. Total uterus plus gastrointestinal tract relative weight, with or without fetuses, was lower in RCal than in R and C gilts. The ratio of uterus (with or without fetuses) weight to gastrointestinal tract weight was greater in R than in C or RCal gilts. The data are interpreted to indicate that restriction of carbohydrate-fat calories only compared with restriction of a standard diet throughout gestation in swine had a negative effect on uterine growth associated with repartitioning of nutrients to visceral organ and lean tissue growth at the expense of maternal uterine tissue and body fat conservation.
Adipose Tissue↗
Effect of dietary copper sulfate, Aureo SP250, or clinoptilolite on ureolytic bacteria found in the pig large intestine.
The predominant ureolytic bacteria in the pig large intestine were determined while growing pigs were fed a basal diet or basal diet plus copper sulfate, Aureo SP250, or clinoptilolite. Fecal samples were collected from four pigs fed each diet at 3, 9, and 14 weeks and analyzed for total colony counts and percent ureolytic bacteria. Fecal urease activity, ammonia nitrogen, and identity of the ureolytic bacteria were determined at 14 weeks. Copper sulfate and Aureo SP250 reduced the number of ureolytic organisms, with a marked decrease occurring in the Streptococcus spp., which made up 74% of the ureolytic isolates from the pigs on the basal diet. Other ureolytic species detected at lower concentrations were Staphylococcus spp., Selenomonas ruminantium, Bacteroides multiacidus, and Eubacterium limosum. Copper sulfate also reduced fecal urease activity (P less than 0.10). Fecal ammonia concentrations were not different between pigs fed the various diets. These data suggest that the streptococci are the most numerous ureolytic species in the pig intestinal tract and are significantly reduced by copper sulfate and Aureo SP250; however, only copper sulfate reduced intestinal urease activity.
Aluminum Silicates↗
Growth and adipose tissue metabolism in young pigs fed cimaterol with adequate or low dietary protein.
The beta-adrenergic agonist, cimaterol, was fed to young growing pigs to determine whether the carcass compositional changes observed in finishing pigs fed a beta-adrenergic agonist would be manifest in young animals. Furthermore, because cimaterol increased the deposition of lean mass in finishing pigs, it could have a protein sparing effect in young pigs that are rapidly accreting muscle mass and have a high dietary protein requirement. Pigs were fed cimaterol (at 0, .25 and .50 mg X kg-1 diet) and either an adequate (18%) or restricted (14%) protein diet from about 10 to 60 kg body weight. Pigs that were fed the 14 compared with 18% protein diet grew slower and ate less but had the same gain-to-feed ratio. These pigs also had shorter carcasses, less lean muscle and more fat deposition (assessed by carcass measurements and carcass chemical composition) than pigs that received adequate protein. Plasma protein and albumin concentrations were greater and plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and fatty acid concentrations were lower in pigs fed high compared with low dietary protein. Dietary cimaterol had no effect on any of the growth or carcass variables or on adipose tissue metabolism. When fed the high protein diet, cimaterol-supplemented pigs had smaller livers and stomachs. Dietary cimaterol did not have any major detectable effects on these young pigs, nor was there any evidence for a protein sparing effect.
Adipose Tissue↗
Effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin C or carbadox on weanling pigs subjected to crowding stress.
A 2 X 3 factorial arrangement was used in each of two trials with two levels of floor space allowance (.25, .13 m2/pig) and three dietary treatments (basal, basal + 660 ppm vitamin C, basal + 55 ppm carbadox). The reduction in floor space allowance was achieved in trial 1 by doubling the number of pigs/pen from eight to 16 and in trial 2 by reducing the size of pens by half. An 18% protein starter diet was used as the basal diet. Total numbers of pigs used were 216 in trial 1 and 144 in trial 2. Pigs were weaned between 4 and 5 wk of age (7.5 kg average wt) and fed ad libitum for 28 d. Reducing floor space allowance caused a (P less than .05) reduction in weight gain of weanling pigs in both trials. When the reduction of floor space allowance was done by increasing number of pigs/pen (trial 1), pigs responded with a significantly reduced feed intake with no change in efficiency of feed utilization. However, when floor space allowance was reduced by changing the size of the pen (trial 2), feed intake of pigs was not affected but efficiency of feed utilization was reduced significantly. Neither form of crowding affected vitamin C concentration in adrenal glands and weights of adrenal glands, spleen and thymus. Dietary supplementation of carbadox, but not vitamin C, produced significantly greater weight gain, feed efficiency, and spleen weight of pigs in both trials. Although there was no interaction between crowding and dietary treatment in affecting the performance of pigs, supplemental carbadox improved the performance of crowding-stressed pigs by maintaining an adequate level of feed intake and improving feed efficiency, whether crowding was caused by increased pig density or by reduced pen size. No significant differences in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test response or in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N/L) were observed among treatments in trial 1, while a significantly reduced response to PHA and a higher N/L were detected in crowding-stressed pigs in trial 2.
Animals↗
Thoughts on fiber utilization in swine.
There is continued incentive for the development of alternative feed resources for use in swine production. The availability of distillery by-products may be expected to increase as the use of corn and cereal grains for ethanol production expands. The acceptability of distillery by-products, milling by-products, forages and other fibrous feeds as energy sources for swine depends on such factors as cell wall content of the plant, degree of microbial fermentation in the large intestine, and extent of absorption and utilization of the volatile fatty acids produced. Physiological effects of dietary fiber, including effects on gastric emptying, rate of transit of digesta, gut motility, digestive secretions, and absorption and utilization of breakdown products need quantification. Limited evidence suggests that there are genetic differences in the response of pigs to dietary fiber and in their ability to utilize it as an energy source. Recombinant DNA technology offers the possibility of cloning cellulase genes from microorganisms for application in swine feeding programs. The extent to which biotechnology will be applied in swine feeding will depend ultimately on the economic incentive for developmental effort and on unknown biological limitations of the pig and its gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem.
Animals↗
Effect of neomycin, carbadox and length of adaptation to calorimeter on performance, fasting metabolism and gastrointestinal tract of young pigs.
Five sets of littermate gilts (8.2 +/- .19 kg average initial weight) were randomly assigned within litter to a 16% protein corn-soybean meal basal diet (B), B + .308% neomycin, or B + 55 ppm carbadox. Each set was equally-fed individually once daily for 16 d in metabolism cages and 5 d in calorimeters. The average daily feed intake for 21 d was 276 g. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production were measured during an 8- to 24-h postprandial period on d 16, 19, 20 and 21, and during a 32- to 48-h postprandial period after the d 21 feeding. Pigs were killed 50 h postprandially for gastrointestinal tract measurements. Dietary supplementation of antimicrobial agents (neomycin and carbadox) resulted in improvements (P less than .01) in daily gain and efficiency of feed utilization and lower (P less than .05) small intestinal mass in pigs. There was no difference (P greater than .05) in daily gain, feed efficiency or small intestinal mass between pigs fed neomycin- or carbadox-supplemented diets. Whole-animal fasting O2 consumption and CO2 production measured during the 8- to 24-h or 32- to 48-h postprandial period were not affected (P greater than .05) by the supplementation or the source of dietary antimicrobial agents. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in 8- to 24-h fasting O2 and CO2 measurements determined on d 16, 19, 20 and 21, indicating that adaptation to calorimeters was not needed by the pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗