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Biomedical subjects

W Kindermann

Publications and source records attributed to W Kindermann.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Overtraining and immune system: a prospective longitudinal study in endurance athletes.

A prospective longitudinal study investigated for 19 +/- 3) months whether immunophenotypes of peripheral leukocytes were altered in periods of severe training. Leukocyte membrane antigens (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD45, CD45RO, and CD56) of endurance athletes were immunophenotyped (dual-color flow cytometry) and list mode data analyzed by a self-learning classification system in a state of an overtraining syndrome (OT; N = 15) and several occasions without symptoms of staleness (NS; N = 70). Neither at physical rest nor after a short-term highly intensive cycle ergometer exercise session at 110% of the individual anaerobic threshold did cell counts of neutrophils, T, B, and natural killer cells differ between OT and NS. Eosinophils were lower during OT, activated T cells (CD3+HLA/DR+) showed slight increases (NS: 5.5 +/- 2.7; OT 7.3 +/- 2.4% CD3+ of cells; means +/- SD; P < 0.01) during OT without reaching pathological ranges. The cell-surface expression of CD45RO (P < 0.001) on T cells, but not cell concentrations of CD45RO+ T cells, were higher during OT. OT could be classified with high specificities (92%) and sensitivities (93%). It is concluded that OT does not lead to clinically relevant alterations of immunophenotypes in peripheral blood and especially that an immunosuppressive effect cannot be detected. Immunophenotyping may provide help with the diagnosis of OT in future, but the diagnostic approach presented here requires improvements before use in sports medicine practice is enabled.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Adhesion molecules during immune response to exercise.

Cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts are dependent on cell surface density, localization, and avidity state of adhesion molecules. These adhesion molecules are involved in all steps of the leukocyte's adhesion process. Selectins, molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and integrins are necessary for an initial tethering, triggering, firm attachment, and transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Hormones, cytokines, other pro-inflammatory agents, and shedded receptors like the LPS-receptor significantly alter the adhesion process. Infectious and noninfectious inflammatory processes are capable of inducing an altered adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells. The result is a preferential homing of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Acute bouts of exercise may induce a release or secretion of many of the aforementioned substances involved in the adhesion process. The acute immune response to exercise is strongly influenced by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. During the first 10-30 min of exercise an almost maximal increase of T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, and NK cells from the marginal pool into the blood circulation is induced. This demargination of cells is likely an effect mediated by beta 2 adrenergic receptors and probably due to a change of the avidity state of adhesion molecules. Strenuous exercise is associated with an increase of serum cortisol resulting in a delayed neutrocytosis and lymphocytopenia. Both phenomena are due to altered circulation patterns. It will be discussed how far adhesion molecules might contribute to this effect. Furthermore an evaluation of contradicting experimental results about surface expression of selectins and integrins will be provided.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Sudden cardiac death in sports].

The majority of sudden deaths during physical activity is due to cardiac diseases. In younger persons (< 25 years) the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most often involved, followed by infectious cardiac diseases (myocarditis). Already in persons up to 40 years the incidence of coronary arteriosclerosis markedly increases. Although the acute risk of sudden cardiac death is enhanced during sport activity, regular physical training results in an overall cardioprotective effect. Demands on the sports medical examination are discussed in the light of the prevention of sudden cardiac death as well as the long-term health care. Based on a careful anamnesis and clinical examination the ECG as well as the echocardiography present non-invasive methods with high informational value. An exercise-ECG is especially recommended to evaluate the eligibility for physical exercise in persons > 35-40 years and in subjects with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Echocardiographic criteria of physiological left ventricular hypertrophy in combined strength- and endurance-trained athletes.

In combined strength- and endurance-trained athletes who are showing both unusual large body dimensions as well as a high physical fitness, the dimensions of the 'athlete's heart' are expected to reach physiological limits. Therefore we investigated 75 male and 77 female competitive rowers by means of doppler-echocardiography. The absolute "critical" heart weight of 500 g was exceeded by 61% of the male and 10% of the female rowers. Maximal values of the left ventricular (LV) muscle mass were measured at 170 (men) and 133 (women) g.m-2 body surface area, respectively. The LV end-diastolic internal diameter was measured to be above the upper clinical limit of 55 mm in 55% of the male and 17% of the female rowers. A LV wall thickness of 13 and 12 mm was only exceeded by 3 male and 1 female athlete, respectively (maximal values: 14 and 12.5 mm). The LV wall/internal diameter ratio did not exceed 48-50%. The systolic LV function as well as ECG and blood pressure did not reveal any pathological finding, the diastolic LV function was always measured within the normal range. The LV wall thicknesses, internal diameter and hypertrophic index (relation between wall thickness and internal diameter) of the rowers were significantly higher than those of 62 non-endurance trained athletes (pairwise matched according to the body dimensions) and similar to 28 male 'pure' endurance athletes (pairwise matched according to the absolute heart volume). In conclusion, upper limits of echocardiographic volume measurements that are considered critical may be clearly exceeded by healthy strength-endurance trained athletes with simultaneously high body dimensions. The clinical limits, however, are still valid in subjects with a body mass up to approximately 70 kg. The LV wall thickness only exceptionally exceed the clinical limits. A specific influence of the strength elements in training on the LV hypertrophy had not be found.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Enhanced expression of HLA-DR, Fc gamma receptor 1 (CD64) and leukocyte common antigen (CD45) indicate activation of monocytes in regenerative training periods of endurance athletes.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis whether endurance athletes have distinct expressions of functionally relevant surface antigens of monocytes. Under standardized experimental and laboratory conditions CD 14+ blood monocytes of 55 males (22 sedentary controls [CO], individual anaerobic threshold [IAT]: 2.2 +/- 1.2 W.kg-1, VO2 max: 47 +/- 12 ml.min-1.kg-1; 13 endurance athletes, training: 3-10 hours weekly [E1], IAT: 3.0 +/- 1.1 W.kg-1, VO2max 57 +/- 5 ml.min-1.kg-1; 20 endurance athletes training: > 10 hours weekly [E2], IAT: 3.7 +/- 1.3 W.kg-1, VO2max: 64 +/- 6 ml.min-1.kg-1) were investigated for relative surface receptor expression of CD45, CD64 and HLA-DR (direct immunofluorescence, flow cytometry). E1 and E2 showed significantly (ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test; each p < 0.01) higher relative receptor expressions for CD64 in comparison to CO (E1: +62/E2: +71%; percentage of increase compared to CO value), CD45 (+44/+32%) and HLA-DR (+22/+35%). Cell counts of four monocyte subpopulations (CD56+, CD14bright+CD16-, CD14bright+CD16dim+, CD14dim(+)-CD16bright+) did not show significant differences between the groups. These data suggest that in endurance athletes during regenerative training period circulating monocytes show an enhancement of functionally relevant surface receptors indicating an activation monocytes.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The acute immune response to exercise: what does it mean?

The purpose of this article is to provide information about the exercise-induced alterations of cellular immune parameters depending on the intensity related to the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) and duration of exercise. Immunological parameters were differential blood counts (CD14, CD45), monocyte subpopulations (CD14, CD16), lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD19, CD16, CD56, HLA-DR) and natural killer cells (CD3, CD16, CD56), oxidative burst activity of neutrophils, and phagocytosis of neutrophils (flow cytometry). The main results were: (a) "Moderate" exercise (duration < 2h at about 85% of the IAT corresponding to a lactate steady state at about 2 mmol.l-1, < 30 min at the IAT corresponding to a lactate steady state of 4 mmol.l-1) elicits lower changes in cell concentrations and hormonal responses than strenuous exercise [exhaustive exercise at 100% IAT or above; (exhaustive) long-term (> 2-3h) endurance exercise]. Similar investigations about cell functions to decide about the positive or negative nature of these observations will have to follow in the future. (b) The neutrocytosis following exercise is more dependent on the duration than on the intensity of exercise. Especially exercise sessions that lead to a strong incline of the adrenocorticotropic hormone, beta-endorphin and cortisol are associated with this neutrocytosis. (c) Neutrophils' function during the exercise-induced neutrocytosis indicated by phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity is unchanged or reduced following strenuous endurance exercise, whereas bacterial URTI leads to similar neutrophil counts but significantly increased cell activities indicating the diverse meaning of the leukocytosis in infections (primed cells, enhanced cell activity, stimulated defense mechanism) and following exercise (impaired cell function, suppressed defense mechanism). (d) Regular monocytes (early differentiation stage) are strongly recruited into the circulation during long-term aerobic exercise, whereas mature monocyte cell counts (premacrophages) increase most with highly intensive (an)aerobic exercise above the IAT. Infections induced a maturation from regular to mature monocytes as a response to the infectious antigenic stimulus, whereas exercise does not, indicating the diversity between change of cell counts and function. (e) Long-term endurance diverse meaning leads to increases of activated CD45RO+ T cells (memory cell phenotype) but compared to the incline of cell concentrations and activation levels (% HLA-DR+ T cells) during infections like infectious mononucleosis this effect is small indicating only minor effects on T cell function by exercise. The effect of single bouts of exercise on immune cell counts is large but the effects on the cell function is - i.e. compared to bacterial URTI - relatively small.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed1996

Ultrasound of the abdomen in endurance athletes.

This project evaluated, if athletes show adaption of their abdominal organs in response to endurance training. Abdominal sonography was performed in 26 sedentary male subjects [CO; age: 26 (SD 5) years; mass (BM): 78.7 (SD 10.6) kg; lean body mass [LBM): 67.1 (SD 7.4) kg; height (HE): 183 (SD 6) cm, individual anaerobic threshold (cycle ergometry; IAT): 2.1 (SD 0.1) W*kg(-1)], 14 moderately endurance trained athletes [EA1; age: 27 (SD 4) years; BM: 74.0 (SD 5.9) kg; LBM: 64.6 (SD 4.5) kg; HE: 178 (SD 5) cm, IAT: 3.0 (SD 0.5) W*kg(-1)] and 27 well endurance trained athletes [EA2; age: 27 (SD 4) years; BM: 72.1 (SD 4.3) kg; LBM: 65.4 (SD 3.2) kg; HE: 179 (SD 4) cm, IAT: 3.7 (SD 0.4) W*kg(-1)]. One subject of EA2 had cholecystolithiasis and another one renal redoublication. 3 persons showed uncomplicated parapelvine or subcapsular renal cysts (CO, EA1). The transverse area of the large abdominal arteries (abdominal aorta, common iliac arteries) was significantly greater in EA2 than in both EA1 and CO and partly greater in EA1 than in CO. Also, the ratios of sagittal and transverse diameters of the left and right lobes of the liver to LBM showed higher values for EA2 than for both EA1 and CO. These results indicate morphological adaptive processes of the great abdominal arteries in endurance athletes.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1996

Sports-specific adaptation of left ventricular muscle mass in athlete's heart. I. An echocardiographic study with combined isometric and dynamic exercise trained athletes (male and female rowers).

The differentiation of the physiological left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy of the athlete's heart in opposition to a pathological finding may be problematic especially in both strength and endurance trained athletes with simultaneously large body dimensions: 64 male and 71 female rowers of regional up to national level were examined by (Doppler) echocardiography. In addition, the rowers were compared by matched-pair procedures both with 32 male and 30 female non-endurance trained (pairwise similar body surface area) and with 28 male endurance athletes (pairwise similar absolute heart volume). The so-called critical heart weight of 500 g was exceeded by 63% of the male and 11% of the female rowers. 9% of the male rowers showed even an LV muscle mass above the limit of 3.5 g.kg-1 body mass. The individual maximal body surface area-related values were 170 g.m-2 (men) and 133 g.m-2 (women). The LV enddiastolic internal diameter was measured to be above the upper clinical limit of 55 mm in 69% or 23% of the male and female rowers, although a maximal LV wall thickness of 14 or 13 mm, respectively, was never exceeded. The systolic LV function as well as ECG and blood pressure did not reveal any pathological findings, the diastolic LV function was measured within the (supra) normal range. The LV wall thicknesses, internal diameter and hypertrophic index (relation between wall thickness and internal diameter) were significantly higher in rowers than in non-endurance trained subjects, but similar if compared to the endurance athletes. The clinical limits, however, keep their validity until a body mass of about 70 kg. In conclusion, some upper absolute clinical limits, especially those referring to volume measurements, so far considered critical (LV internal diameter, heart weight and LV mass), may be clearly exceeded by healthy strength endurance trained athletes presenting high body dimensions. The LV wall thickness, however, rather exceptionally exceeded the clinical limits. If referring to body dimensions, the cardiac dimensions in rowers are still lower in comparison to highly-trained "pure" endurance athletes. A specific influence of the isometric exercise component on the LV hypertrophy cannot be observed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

Sports-specific adaptation of left ventricular muscle mass in athlete's heart. II: An echocardiographic study with 400-m runners and soccer players.

Regarding the influence of the left ventricular (LV) adaptation by sports-specific factors the supposed endurance training have so far been compared mainly to strength conditioning. In the present study we investigated the echocardiographic LV measurements of endurance-trained athletes in different kinds of endurance sports (running and ball games) by using matched-pair procedures. We examined 22 male soccer players (S) and 22 male 400-m runners (R) on a regional up to a national level with--each similar in pairs--the following body mass (S: 75.7 +/-5.0 kg; R: 75.2 +/- 5.6), body surface area (S: 1.97 +/- 0.09 m2; R: 1.98 +/- 0.09), fat-free body mass (S: 68.4 +/- 4.6 kg; R: 68.3 +/- 5.3) and individual anaerobic threshold as a criterion to determine the running endurance (S: 14.23 +/- 0.79 km.h-1; R: 14.25 +/- 0.80). The body dimensions-related heart volume (HV/lean body mass: S: 14.2 +/- 1.5 ml.kg-1; R: 13.4 +/- 1.0) as well as the absolute and body surface-related LV internal diameter (EDD: S: 55.0 +/- 3.8 mm; R: 52.7 +/- 3.3; EDD/body-surface area: S: 27.8 +/- 1.9 mm.m-2; R: 26.6 +/- 1.3) were measured significantly higher in S as compared to R (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). In both groups, free LV wall thickness, enddiastolic diameter and LV muscle mass correlated significantly with the body dimensions (fat-free body mass: r = 0.42 - 0.48 - 0.56; p < 0.004, respectively). In conclusion, specific sport-related strain like frequent exercises in interval form (typical for ball games) and a different volume/intensity ratio could significantly influence the LV adaptation beside the endurance performance as well as constitutional and genetic factors.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations as cellular markers in hypercholesterolemia.

Mononuclear phagocytes play a major role in the development of vascular lesions in atherogenesis. The goal of our study was to characterize circulating blood monocyte subpopulations as potential cellular markers of systemic immunological abnormalities in hypercholesterolemia. In normal subjects, three-parameter immunophenotyping of whole blood revealed that 61.3 +/- 6.0% of monocytes showed "bright" expression of the lipopolysaccharide receptor (LPSR: CD14) and Fc gamma receptor I (RI: CD64) without expression of Fc gamma-RIII (CD16). Other monocyte subsets (populations 2, 3, 4, and 5) were characterized by the simultaneous expression of both Fc gamma-R's (25.6 +/- 5.0%), isolated expression of Fc gamma-RIII (9.4 +/- 1.7%), or high expression of CD33 (3.7 +/- 1.1%) with only dim expression of CD14, respectively. The smallest subset of monocytes (population 5: 2.1 +/- 0.8%) differed from the predominant population of CD14brightCD64+CD16- monocytes by additional expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM: CD56). In a group of hypercholesterolemic patients (n = 19), high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were negatively correlated to the population size of CD64-CD16+ monocytes. In both healthy subjects (n = 55) and hypercholesterolemic patients, the rare apolipoprotein E3/E4 and E4/E4 phenotypes were associated with a tendency toward a larger population of CD64-CD16+ monocytes. Expression of the variant activation antigen CD45RA by peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes showed a positive correlation to plasma levels of the atherogenic lipoproteins low density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a). These data suggest that systemic abnormalities in mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Experimental acute hypoxia in healthy subjects: evaluation of systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle at rest and during exercise using echocardiography.

To clarify whether or not systolic and diastolic function of the human left ventricle (LV) were decreased during acute hypoxia, at rest and with exercise, 14 healthy male volunteers [age 25.9 (SD 3.0) years, height 182.9 (SD 7.1) cm, body mass 75.9 (SD 6.9)kg] were examined using M-mode and 2D-mode echocardiography to determine the systolic LV function as well as Doppler-echocardiography for the assessment of diastolic LV function on 2 separate test days. In random order, the subjects breathed either air on 1 day (N) or a gas mixture with reduced oxygen content on the other (H; oxygen fraction in inspired gas 0.14). Measurements on either day were made at rest, several times during incremental cycle exercise in a supine position (6-min increments of 50 W, maximal load 150 W) and in 6th min of recovery. Corresponding measurements during N and H were compared statistically. Arterial O2 tension (PaO2) was normal on N-day. All subjects showed a marked acute hypoxia at rest [PaO2, 54.5 (SD 4.6) mmHg], during exercise and recovery on H-day. The latter was associated with tachycardia compared to N-day. All echocardiographic measurements at rest were within the limits of normal values on both test days. Ejection time, end-systolic and end-diastolic left ventricular dimensions as well as the thickness of left posterior wall and of interventricular septum showed no statistically significant influence of H either at rest or during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Increased phagocytic capacity of the blood, but decreased phagocytic activity per individual circulating neutrophil after an ultradistance run.

The effect of a long strenuous endurance exercise on the phagocytic function of neutrophils was examined. 9 athletes [7 males, 2 females, age: 36-68 years, body mass: 64 (SD 10) kg, height: 175 (SD 10) cm] completed a competetive 100 km run in 8:07 (median value; range: 7:29-9:50 hours). In a whole blood assay the phagocytosis of opsonized E. coli, the receptor density of the Fc gamma receptor 3 (CD16) and the complement receptor 3 (CD11b, direct immunofluorescence) of neutrophils were measured on a per cell basis by flow cytometry before and up to 3 hours after the race. The phagocytic rate (percentage of neutrophils incorporating bacteria) was unchanged after exercise, whereas the phagocytic activity (number of incorporated bacteria per cell) was significantly reduced by -34 (SD 8) % (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.001). The total phagocytic capacity of the blood increased 2-3fold post exercise. The surface antigen expressions of CD11b and CD16 were unaffected by the ultradistance run. The results indicate either a reduced phagocytic function of neutrophils on a single cell basis or the mobilization of neutrophils of the marginal pool with a lower phagocytic activity. However, after a long endurance exercise the phagocytotic capacity of the blood was enhanced due to increased cell concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Increase of serum insulin and stable c-peptide concentrations with exhaustive incremental graded exercise during acute hypoxia in sedentary subjects.

Hypoxia was shown to reduce insulin concentrations at rest and during exercise. However, some studies have also demonstrated increases in the hormone associated with arterial desaturation. This study was conducted in order to decide [1] whether acute alveolar hypoxia increased or decreased the circulating insulin levels, and [2] to elucidate whether interactions of insulin with other hormones were of relevance in this respect. Glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), c-peptide (CP), adrenaline and noradrenaline (CATs), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cortisol (CORT) as well as the capillary blood gases were determined in 15 healthy fasting male volunteers (age: 26.2 +/- 2.8 years, body mass index: 22.4 +/- 2.7 kg.m-2). On two separate test days the subjects breathed, in random order, either normal air (N) or a gas mixture with reduced oxygen content (H; FIO2: 0.14). Measurements were made at rest as well as during an incremental cycle exercise in a supine position (increments of 6 min and 50 W) at 100 W and 150 W, at volitional exhaustion (N: 227 +/- 36 W; H: 200 +/- 32 W) as well as in the 5th min of recovery. Arterial desaturation was seen throughout on H-day. At rest all hormones and GLU were normal and showed no influence of H. During exercise INS remained constant on N-day, increased on H-day and was significantly higher with H than with N, most pronounced at 150 W and at volitional exhaustion with 20%, respectively. For CP and GLU no significant exercise-induced changes were seen on either test day and no influence of H was detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Blood hormones as markers of training stress and overtraining.

An imbalance between the overall strain experienced during exercise training and the athlete's tolerance of such effort may induce overreaching or overtraining syndrome. Overtraining syndrome is characterised by diminished sport-specific physical performance, accelerated fatiguability and subjective symptoms of stress. Overtraining is feared by athletes yet there is a lack of objective parameters suitable for its diagnosis and prevention. In addition to the determination of substrates (e.g. lactate, ammonia and urea) and enzymes (e.g. creatine kinase), the possibilities for monitoring of training by measuring hormonal levels in blood are currently being investigated. Endogenous hormones are essential for physiological reactions and adaptations during physical work and influence the recovery phase after exercise by modulating anabolic and catabolic processes. Testosterone and cortisol are playing a significant role in metabolism of protein as well as carbohydrate metabolism. Both are competitive agonists at the receptor level of muscular cells. The testosterone/cortisol ratio is used as an indication of the anabolic/catabolic balance. This ratio decreases in relation to the intensity and duration of physical exercise, as well as during periods of intense training or repetitive competition, and can be reversed by regenerative measures. Correlations have been noted with the training-induced changes of strength. However, it seems more likely that the testosterone/cortisol ratio indicates the actual physiological strain in training, rather than overtraining syndrome. The sympatho-adrenergic system might be involved in the pathogenesis of overtraining. Overtraining appears as a disturbed autonomic regulation, which in its parasympathicotonic form shows a diminished maximal secretion of catecholamines, combined with an impaired full mobilisation of anaerobic lactic reserves. This is supposed to lead to decreased maximal blood lactate levels and maximal performance. Free plasma adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) may provide additional information for the monitoring of endurance training. While prolonged aerobic exercise conducted at intensities below the individual anaerobic threshold lead to a moderate rise of sympathetic activity, workloads exceeding this threshold are characterised by a disproportionate increase in the levels of catecholamines. In addition, psychological stress during competitive events is characterised by a higher catecholamines to lactate ratio in comparison with training exercise sessions. Thus, the frequency of training sessions with higher anaerobic lactic demands or of competition, should be carefully limited in order to prevent overtraining syndrome. In the state of overtraining syndrome and overreaching, respectively, an intraindividually decreased maximum rise of pituitary hormones (corticotrophin, growth hormone), cortisol and insulin has been found after a standardised exhaustive exercise test performed with an intensity of 10% above the individual anaerobic threshold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1994

Cardiocirculatory and metabolic strain during rowing ergometry in coronary patients.

To investigate the suitability of rowing for cardiac rehabilitation, the cardiocirculatory and metabolic reactions during rowing (RE) and cycle (CE) ergometry were compared. Ten male normotensive subjects of an outpatient heart group (age 56 +/- 7 years, maximum performance on CE 2.0 +/- 0.4 W.kg-1) carried out a stepwise increasing test on an isokinetic rowing ergometer and a CE (increasing by 25 W every 3 min). In a 1-min break after each step, heart rate and blood pressure, blood concentrations of lactate, and the free catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured. Four patients showed signs of myocardial ischemia occurring almost one step earlier on RE than on CE. In RE, the endurance and maximum performance were about 20 W lower than on CE. At similar workloads, heart rate, blood pressure, and concentrations of lactate and catecholamines measured significantly higher on RE than on CE. At workloads above the individual anaerobic threshold, the increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline was significantly higher on RE than on CE. The results can be explained by the lower work efficiency, the higher isometric demands with increased cardiac pressure load, and the higher mental stress in RE. Rowing is only suitable in cardiac rehabilitation when well-defined prerequisites have been considered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Alterations of regular and mature monocytes are distinct, and dependent of intensity and duration of exercise.

Circulating monocytes comprise functionally distinct regular (CD14bright+) and mature (CD14low+) cells. Cell surface receptors were determined by three colour flow cytometry in 8 healthy control subjects. Compared to regular monocytes, mature monocytes had lower levels of the high affinity Fc gamma receptor 1 (CD64), complement receptor 3 (CD11b), CD45RO and higher levels for HLA-DR, LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), interleukin-2 receptor (CD25), CD45RA and the Fc gamma receptor 3 (CD16). Both regular and mature monocytes were measured before and up to three hours after four different types of exercise (Ex) in endurance trained athletes (n = 9-16). Immediately after anaerobic exercise of 1 min with a maximal lactate concentration (la max) of 12.3 (SD 1.4) mmol.1-1 and exhaustive exercise of 24 (SD 8) min with a maximal lactate concentration (lamax) of 7.4 (SD 2.6) mmol..-1 mature monocytes increased more than regular monocytes. Exhaustive endurance exercise of 87 (SD 21) min [lamax 3.7 (SD 1.0)] led to a similar increase of regular and mature monocytes. 15-33 min after a 100km run regular monocytes increased significantly, whereas mature monocytes decreased. Up to three hours after the end of all exercises mature monocytes fell below pre-exercise values. In conclusion, duration and intensity of exercise alter distinct maturation stages of monocytes differently. It is probable that the avidity of adhesion molecules like LFA-1 to their endothelial ligands is increased to enable the firm attachment to the endothelium.

Adult↗