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Biomedical subjects

W Kindermann

Publications and source records attributed to W Kindermann.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Plasma catecholamines during endurance exercise of different intensities as related to the individual anaerobic threshold.

The study investigated the concentrations of free plasma catecholamines (CAT), adrenaline and noradrenaline, in comparison to heart rate and lactic acid concentrations during endurance exercises (EE) of different intensities related to the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). A group of 14 endurance trained male athletes took part in the tests on a treadmill. After an exhausting incremental graded test (increasing 0.5 m.s-1 every 3 min) to determine the IAT, the subjects performed EE of 45 min in randomized order with intensities of 85%, 95%, 100% and 105% (E85-E105) of the IAT. The heart rate and CAT increased continuously during all EE. The CAT reacted sensitively to EE above IAT (E105) and showed an overproportional increase in comparison to EE performed with an intensity at or below IAT. At the same time, at exercise intensities up to IAT (E85-E100) a lactate steady state was observed whereas mean lactate concentrations increased during E105. The changes of lactate concentration allowed a better differentiation between E85-E100 as CAT measurements. In E95, E100 and E105 there was a partial overlap of heart rate, which in contrast to lactate concentration only differed by about 5%, so that small variations in heart rate could have coincided with considerable differences of exercise intensity when working at intensities near or above IAT. It was concluded that the range of IAT seemed to represent a real physiological breakpoint which corresponded to the aerobic-anaerobic transition.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Suppressed PMA-induced oxidative burst and unimpaired phagocytosis of circulating granulocytes one week after a long endurance exercise.

Ten endurance athletes performed two exhaustive intensive endurance exercises (Ex1: 21 +/- 7 min; Ex2: 18 +/- 6 min) on a cycle ergometer at 110% of their individual anaerobic threshold (maximal lactate concentration at Ex1: 9.7 +/- 2.3 mmol.1-1, Ex2: 9.5 +/- 2.2 mmol.l-1). Ex1 was performed two weeks before, Ex2 8 or 9 days after a long endurance competition (duration: 762 +/- 74 min), respectively. At both exercises before, at the 10th, during the last two and 60 minutes after exercise venous blood samples were taken to determine rat and activity of phagocytosis (FITC-conjugated, opsonized E. coli) and oxidative burst (intracellular oxidation of dihydrorhodamine123 to rhodamine123 after induction by phorbol-myristate-acetate) was measured in circulating granulocytes by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was performed with procedures of ANOVA. Neither at Ex1 nor at Ex2 rate or activity of phagocytosis changed significantly over time, a difference between Ex1 and Ex2 was not observed. In contrast to Ex1, at Ex2 the bactericidal capacity of granulocytes decreased significantly by 37% at the end of exercise. This effect at Ex2 was reversible within the first hour of recovery. The observed transient and partial suppression of the oxydative burst was not accompanied by clinically apparent infections. Therefore, we conclude that the observed in vitro effect is without major clinical importance in healthy subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Recruitment and recirculation of leukocytes after an ultramarathon run: preferential homing of cells expressing high levels of the adhesion molecule LFA-1.

The alpha L beta 2 (CD11a/CD18) integrin LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1) mainly contributes to the firm arrest of leucocytes on the endothelium. Its cell surface density is thought to be important for the exercise-induced homing of leucocytes. 9 athletes (7 males, 2 females, age 36-68 years, body mass 64 +/- 10 kg, height: 175 +/- 10 cm) absolved a competitive 100 km run in 8:07 hours (range: 7:29-9:50 hours). Immunophenotyping of circulating leucocytes and data acquisition by three colour flow cytometry before and up to 3 hours after the race showed that post exercise lymphocyte subpopulations with a higher expression of CD11a like CD3+CD8+CD45RO+ T-cells, natural killer cells (CD3-CD16/CD56+) and cytotoxic, not MHC-restricted T-cells (CD3+CD16/CD56+) decreased significantly more than CD45RO+ and CD45RO- helper-T-cells (CD3+CD4+), CD3+CD8+CD45RO-T-cells and B-cells (CD19+), which have lower levels for CD11a. Cell concentrations of regular monocytes (Fc gamma receptor 3 negative, LFA-1 low positive) increased, whereas mature monocytes (Fc gamma receptor 3 low or high positive respectively, LFA-1 high positive) decreased. In conclusion the surface density of the adhesion molecule LFA-1 on leucocytes is likely to contribute significantly to the extent of leucocyte's homing after long endurance exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Age-related increase of CD45RO+ lymphocytes in physically active adults.

The CD45RO phenotype of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were determined in physically active males (n = 171) and females (n = 70) ranging in age from 15-68 years. Direct immunofluorescence and dual color flow cytometry was performed for analysis. Absolute cell numbers (r = 0.473) and percentages of CD4+ CD45RO+ (r = 0.648) within the CD4+ population, percentage of CD8+ CD45RO+ cells within the CD8+ lymphocytes (r = 0.498) and total lymphocyte number (r = -0.242) correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with age. We conclude that the age-related increase of CD45RO+ T cells indicates a gradual increase of activated T cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Circulating leucocyte subpopulations in sedentary subjects following graded maximal exercise with hypoxia.

Ten healthy sedentary subjects [age, 27.5 (SD 3.5) years; height, 180 (SD 5) cm; mass, 69.3 (SD 6.3) kg] performed two periods of maximal incremental graded cycle ergometer exercise in a supine position. Randomly ordered and using an open spirometric system, one exercise was carried out during normoxia [maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) = 38.6 (SD 3.5) ml.min-1.kg-1; maximal blood lactate concentration, 9.86 (SD 1.85) mmol.l-1; test duration, 22.6 (SD 2.7) min], the other during hypoxia [VO2max = 33.2 (SD 3.2) ml.min-1.kg-1; maximal blood lactate concentration, 10.38 (SD 2.02) mmol.l-1; test duration, 19.7 (SD 2.8) min]. At rest, immediately (0 p) and 60 min (60 p) after exercise, counts of leucocyte subpopulations (flow cytometry), cortisol and catecholamine concentrations were determined. At 0 p in contrast to normoxia, during hypoxia there was no significant increase of granulocytes. There were no significant differences between normoxia and hypoxia in the increases from rest to 0 p in counts of monocytes, total lymphocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations [clusters of differentiation (CD), CD3+, CD4+CD45RO-, CD4+CD45RO+, CD8+CD45RO-, CD8+CD45RO+, CD3+HLA-DR+, CD3-CD16/CD56+, CD3+CD16/CD56+, CD19+] as well as adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol concentrations. The counts of CD3-CD16/CD56(+)- and CD8+CD45RO(+)-cells increased most. At 60 p, CD3-CD16/CD56+ and CD3+CD16/CD56(+)-cell counts were below pre-exercise levels and under hypoxia slightly but significantly lower than under normoxia. We concluded that the exercise-induced mobilization and redistribution of most leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations were unimpaired under acute hypoxia at sea level. Reduced increases of granulocyte counts during the study and reduced cell numbers of natural killer cells and cytotoxic, not major histocompatibility complex-restricted T-cells, only indicated marginal effects on the immune system.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Individual anaerobic threshold and maximum lactate steady state.

The individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) as defined by Stegmann et al. 1981 is determined by using the blood lactate-performance relationship during incremental graded exercise and the immediately following recovery phase. The aim of the study was to investigate the validity of the IAT as a measure for the maximum lactate steady state (max Lass) and the monitoring of endurance training. Sixteen endurance trained athletes (VO2max 60.2 +/- 5.0 ml.min-1 x kg-1) performed a stepwise increasing test until exhaustion on a cycle ergometer (CE) (increasing by 50 W every 3 min), 14 endurance trained athletes (VO2max 64.9 +/- 3.8 ml.min-1 x kg-1) performed the multistage steptest on a treadmill (TM) (increasing by 0.5 m.s-1 every 3 min) to determine the IAT and the 4 mmol.l-1 La-threshold (AT). Afterwards endurance tests (E) limited to 30 min (CE) or 45 min (TM) were performed with intensities of 85, 95, 100 and 105% of the IAT (E85-E105) and with 100% of the AT (AT100) (only on CE) in a randomized order each on different days. Lass was present without premature break-off during E85 (in 30 out of 30 cases), E95 (30/30 cases) and E100 (26/30 cases). At E105 and AT100 (104 +/- 7% of IAT) mean La increased continuously and/or led to a premature break-off (in 15/30 cases). All subjects with an AT below their IAT were in Lass during AT100.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Heart rate, blood lactate, and catecholamines during ergometer and on water rowing.

The heart rate, blood lactate, and catecholamine responses to rowing on a Gjessing ergometer and in a single scull on the water were compared. Seventeen rowers performed a multistage step test on the ergometer as well as low and high intensity endurance rowing on the water. Seven oarsmen (six with determinations of free plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline) rowed on the ergometer with the same heart rate and duration as on the water. During ergometer endurance rowing, heart rate, lactate, and adrenaline were not significantly different from boat rowing, while plasma noradrenaline was higher. However, at similar lactate levels, heart rate during rowing on the water was approximately 10 beats.min-1 higher than during the ergometer multistage step test, due to the different duration of exercise. Heart rate values based on determination of lactate threshold can be taken as recommendations for low and high intensity endurance training on water. However, because of individual variations in the heart rate-lactate relationship between rowing on the ergometer and in the boat, field evaluation is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Increased CD45RA+CD45RO+ cells indicate activated T cells after endurance exercise.

Twelve endurance athletes performed either a 240-km cycle race in the Alps or an ultratriathlon (time: 731 +/- 25 min). Two weeks before (S1) and on the 8th or 9th day after (S2) the competition, an exhaustive exercise at 110% of the individual anaerobic threshold was performed (stress test; S1: 21 +/- 2 min; S2: 18 +/- 2 min). Blood samples at rest, at 10 min, at end, and 60 min after S1 or S2 were taken for immunophenotyping of leukocytes with fluorescein- or phycoerythrin-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD16, CD45, CD45RO, CD45RA, CD69, HLA-DR) and dual color flow cytometry. Of the lymphocyte subpopulations, the CD45RO(+)-lymphocytes had higher cell numbers at S2 than at S1 (P < 0.01). This was due to the increase of CD45RA+CD45RO+ lymphocytes (P < 0.005), but not to the CD45RA-CD45RO+ lymphocytes (P > 0.05). Both the CD4+ (+39%) and CD8+ (+75%) cells were increased at S2. The activation markers CD69 and HLA-DR were not significantly increased at S2. Our conclusion is that a approximately 12-h endurance exercise induces activation of T-cells, which is indicated by the increase of CD45RA+CD45RO+. This might also indicate an increase of memory cells by prolonged endurance exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Differential mobilization of leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations into the circulation during endurance exercise.

A total of 14 healthy subjects [means (SD): 27.6 (3.8) years; body mass 77.8 (6.6) kg; height 183 (6) cm] performed endurance exercise to exhaustion at 100% of the individual anaerobic threshold (Th(an)) on a cycle ergometer (mean workload 207 (55) W; lactate concentrations 3.4 (1.2) mmol.l-1; duration 83.8 (22.2) min, including 5 min at 50% of individual Th(an)). Leucocyte subpopulations were measured by flow cytometry and catecholamines by radioimmunological methods. Blood samples were taken before and several times during exercise. Values were corrected for plasma volume changes and analysed using ANOVA for repeated measures. During the first 10 min of exercise, of all cell subpopulations the natural killer cells (CD3-CD16/CD56+) increased the most (229%). Also CD3+CD16/CD56+ (84%), CD8+CD45RO- (69%) cells, eosinophils (36%) and monocytes (62%) increased rapidly during that time. CD3+, CD3+HLA-DR+, CD4+CD45RO+, CD4+CD45RO-, CD8+CD45RO+ and CD19+ cells either did not increase or increased only slightly during exercise. Adrenaline and noradrenaline increased nearly linearly by 36% and 77% respectively at 10 min exercise. The increase of natural killer cells and heart rates between rest and 10 min of exercise correlated significantly (r = 0.576, P = 0.031). We conclude that natural killer cells, cytotoxic, non-MHC-restricted T-cells, monocytes and eosinophils are mobilized rapidly during the first minutes of endurance exercise. Both catecholamines and increased blood flow are likely to contribute this effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Mobilization of circulating leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations during and after short, anaerobic exercise.

A group of 11 healthy athletes [age, 27.4 (SD 6.7) years; body mass, 75.3 (SD 9.2) kg; height, 182 (SD 8) cm; maximal oxygen uptake, 58.0 (SD 9.9) ml.kg-1.min-1] conducted maximal exercise of 60-s duration on a cycle ergometer [mean exercise intensity, 520 (SD 72) W; maximal lactate concentration, 12.26 (SD 1.35) mmol.l-1]. Adrenaline and noradrenaline, and leucocyte subpopulations were measured flow cytometrically at rest, after 5-min warming up at 50% of each individual's anaerobic threshold (followed by 5-min rest), immediately after (0 min), 15 min, 30 min, and 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after exercise. Granulocytes showed two increases, the first at 15 min and, after return to pre-exercise values, the second more than 2 h after exercise. Eosinophils also increased at 15 min but decreased below pre-exercise values 2 h after exercise. Total lymphocytes and monocytes had their maximal increases at 0 min. Out of all lymphocyte subpopulations CD3-CD16/CD56(+)- and CD8+CD45RO--cells increased most and had their maximal cell counts at 0 min. The CD3(+)-, CD4+CD45RO(+)-, CD8+CD45RO(+)-, and CD19(+)- increased at 0 min, but had their maximum at 15 min. During the hours after exercise CD3-CD16/CD56(+)-, CD3+CD16/CD56(+)-, CD8+CD45RO(+)- and CD8+CD45RO--cells were responsible for the lymphocytopenia. The CD3(+)- and CD3-CD16/CD56(+)-cells were lower 24 h after exercise than before exercise. Adrenaline and noradrenaline increased during exercise. In conclusion, short anaerobic exercise led to a sequential mobilization of leucocyte subpopulations. The rapid increase of natural killer cells and monocytes may have been due to increased blood flow and catecholamine concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Blood ammonia and lactate concentrations during endurance exercise of differing intensities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of blood ammonia concentration ([NH3]b) during endurance exercise of differing intensities on the cycle ergometer and to compare [NH3]b to the changes observed in the simultaneously monitored blood lactate acid concentrations ([la-]b) measurements. A group of 16 endurance-trained athletes participated in the first part of the study and performed exercise of 30 min duration in a randomized order at intensities of 85%, 95%, 100% and 105% of their individual anaerobic threshold (Th(an,ind); E85-E105) which had been determined beforehand by a cycle exercise test with stepwise increments in intensity. In the second part, 18 average endurance-trained sports students underwent exhausting intensive endurance exercise (IEE) with an intensity of 95% of Th(an,ind). An extensive endurance exercise (EEE) of the same duration at 85% of the Th(an,ind) was carried out 2 days later. The [NH3]b increased constantly with increasingly duration of all exercise. However, [la-]b only increased during exercise with intensities above the Th(an,ind) (E105). The increase of [NH3]b was higher with higher exercise intensities. At IEE, [NH3]b was significantly higher from the 30th min than at EEE, whereas [la-]b increased from the 5th min. In conclusion, [la-]b responded more sensitively to the intensity of exercise than [NH3]b, but it is conceivable that in the future measurements of [NH3]b could be used to advise on the duration of endurance training. At present, however, the lack of experience and lack of appropriate values still hinders the systematic use of [NH3]b measurements in the physiological monitoring of sports training.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Immunoregulatory hormones, circulating leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations before and after endurance exercise of different intensities.

Sixteen subjects (male, age: 26.3 +/- 3.5 years, weight: 75.1 +/- 6.5 kg, maximal oxygen uptake: 53.6 +/- 6.7 ml.min-1.kg-1) performed endurance exercises at 100% (exhaustive), and 85% (limited) of the individual anaerobic threshold [IAT; workload (100% IAT): 3.00 +/- 0.50 W.kg-1, duration of both exercises: 87 +/- 21 min]. Before (b), immediately (0 p), 60 min (60 p), 120 min (120 p) and 24 hours (24 hp) after exercise, leucocyte subpopulations (flow cytometry) as well as epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, beta-endorphin and ACTH were determined. At 0 p, 60 p and 120 p, granulocytes were significantly higher at 100% IAT than at 85% IAT, lymphocytes and monocytes did not differ. At 60 p and 120 p, granulocytes had highest, lymphocytes lowest values. CD8(+)- and CD16(+)-lymphocytes showed greater changes than CD3(+)-, CD4(+)-, CD19(+)-lymphocytes and were significantly higher at 100% IAT than at 85% IAT (0 p). Epinephrine and norepinephrine were significantly higher at 100% IAT than at 85% IAT. Cortisol, ACTH and beta-endorphin increased at 100% IAT, but not at 85% IAT (0 p). Significant correlations were calculated for cortisol (0 p) versus granulocytes (60 p, 120 p) at 100% IAT. Epinephrine did not correlate to increases of lymphocytes or lymphocyte subpopulations. In conclusion, increases of granulocytes, CD16(+)- and CD8(+)-lymphocytes are dependent on the intensity of endurance exercises and precise definition of the individual workload is important. The increase of granulocytes after exercise is partly due to increased levels of cortisol. Increased cell numbers of lymphocytes, especially CD16(+)-cells, did not correlate to increased levels of catecholamines.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1992

Changes in beta-endorphin levels in response to aerobic and anaerobic exercise.

Exercise-induced increases in the peripheral beta-endorphin concentration are mainly associated both with changes in pain perception and mood state and are possibly of importance in substrate metabolism. A more precise understanding of opioid function during exercise can be achieved by investigating the changes in beta-endorphin concentrations dependent upon intensity and duration of physical exercise and in comparison to other stress hormones. Published studies reveal that incremental graded and short term anaerobic exercise lead to an increase in beta-endorphin levels, the extent correlating with the lactate concentration. During incremental graded exercise beta-endorphin levels increase when the anaerobic threshold has been exceeded or at the point of an overproportionate increase in lactate. In endurance exercise performed at a steady-state between lactate production and elimination, blood beta-endorphin levels do not increase until exercise duration exceeds approximately 1 hour, with the increase being exponential thereafter. beta-Endorphin and ACTH are secreted simultaneously during exercise, followed by a delayed release of cortisol. It is not yet clear whether a relationship exists between the catecholamines and beta-endorphin. These results support a possible role of beta-endorphin in changes of mood state and pain perception during endurance sports. In predominantly anaerobic exercise the behaviour of beta-endorphin depends on the degree of metabolic demand, suggesting an influence of endogenous opioids on anaerobic capacity or acidosis tolerance. Further investigations are necessary to determine the role of beta-endorphin in exercise-mediated physiological and psychological events.

Affect↗
PubMed1992

Echocardiographic findings in strength- and endurance-trained athletes.

Assessment of echocardiographic measurements in athletes should take into account the specific sport and the quantity and quality of training. In addition, values corrected for body dimensions, especially the active body mass, should be used rather than absolute values. All parts of the athlete's heart are enlarged and its performance increases. Highly trained endurance athletes show the most enlarged hearts. Athlete's heart can be observed in athletes of all ages including the young. However, it is rarer than generally assumed. To differentiate between physiological and pathological myocardial changes, the relationship between heart size and ergometric performance as well as the echocardiographically measured ratio between left ventricular (LV) myocardial thickness and volume are useful; the latter remains unchanged, on the whole, in endurance- and strength-trained athletes. Concentric hypertrophy cannot be induced by strength training alone; additional factors, such as hypertension, aortic stenosis, cardiomyopathy or anabolic steroid use can play an important role. When corrected for body dimensions, non-endurance-trained, e.g. strength-trained, athletes have standard heart sizes even if considerable time is devoted to training. Findings in healthy untrained persons with large body dimensions also indicate no significant difference between the increase of echocardiographic measures caused by training and that caused by growth. An LV myocardial thickness of 13mm is seldom exceeded even in the highly endurance-trained or anabolic drug-free strength trained athletes under physiological conditions. However, the echocardiographic differentiation of cardiomyopathy can be difficult if an individual is highly trained and has large body dimensions. In such cases, LV end-diastolic diameter may be up to 66 to 70mm. The upper normal value of LV muscle mass is 170 g/m2 for a physiological heart enlargement. Future areas of investigation should include: adaptative changes; of the right ventricle; differences in the regression of the athlete's heart after cessation of training; the differentiation between echocardiographic changes; in highly endurance-trained or combined strength-endurance-trained persons and pathological changes; the importance of heart size and endurance sports performance; and finally the influence of genetic factors.

Cardiomegaly↗
PubMed1991

[The sports heart and its differentiation. Differential diagnosis of pathologic conditions in athletes].

A uniformly enlarged heart with increased performance is known as athlete's heart. The largest hearts are seen among endurance-trained athletes. The ratio mass to volume remains unchanged, both in endurance-trained and power-trained athletes, and a concentric type of hypertrophy is not induced by power training. Echocardiographic changes in the left ventricle are only slight. Such a heart is less common among athletes than is generally supposed. For differentiating between physiological and pathological hypertrophy, the history of sporting activity is of major importance, and can be defined by means of a score. The interruption or cessation of physical training results in regression of dilatation and hypertrophy. In non-competitive athletes cardiac enlargement must be considered pathological until proved otherwise.

Cardiomegaly↗
PubMed1991

Circulating leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations before and after intensive endurance exercise to exhaustion.

Seventeen healthy cyclists [age 20.8 (SD 4.8) years; body mass 68.3 (SD 7.7) kg; body fat, 11.4 (SD 2.6) %; height, 179.1 (SD 5.9) cm; VO2max, 60.9 (SD 7.4) ml.kg-1.min-1] conducted intensive endurance exercise to exhaustion (stress test, ST) on a cycle ergometer at 110% of their individual anaerobic threshold [Than,individual; exercise intensity, 3.97 (SD 0.6) W.kg-1; duration, 23.9 (SD 8.3) min; maximal lactate concentration, 7.39 (SD 2.59) mmol.l-1]. The distribution of leucocyte subpopulations was measured flow cytometrically: before, immediately after (0), 5 (+5), 30 (+30) and 60 (+60) min after ST. The lymphocytes (0 min) and granulocytes (+60 min) were mainly responsible for the increase of leucocytes. Lymphocytes were significantly lower at +30 and +60 min than before. CD3-CD16/CD56+ (+480%) and CD8(+)-lymphocytes (+211%) increased at 0 min more than the other lymphocyte subpopulations (CD(3+)-cells, +100%; CD(4+)-cells, +56%; CD(19+)-cells, +64%). CD3-CD16/CD(56+)- and CD(8+)-cells also were mainly responsible for the decreased values of lymphocytes at +30 min and +60 min compared to before. At 0 min naive CD(8+)-cells (CD45RA+, CD45RO-) increased more than memory CD(8+)-cells (CD45RA-, CD45RO+). Changes of naive and memory CD(4+)-cells did not differ. All lymphocyte subpopulations, in particular CD(8+)- and CD3-CD16/CD(56+)-cells, decreased rapidly between 0 min and 5 min. We conclude that an intensive endurance exercise to exhaustion causes a mobilisation of lymphocytes, especially of natural killer cells (CD3-CD16/CD56+) and naive, unprimed CD(8+)-cells (CD45RA+, CD45RO-) which may be transported to injured muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Control of training in middle- and long-distance running by means of the individual anaerobic threshold.

It was examined in 24 highly trained endurance athletes (middle- and long-distance runners, triathletes) whether concrete training recommendations can be made for endurance training and a speed session program (5 x 1000 m with 4.5-min breaks) by means of incrementally graded treadmill exercise with determination of the individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). The intensities of the different training sessions were decided upon using percentages of speed at the IAT and controlled by lactate determinations. The endurance runs were differentiated by terrain gradation and the speed sessions by climatic conditions. There is a significant correlation between the behaviour of lactate during training sessions and the IAT or percentages of speed at the IAT determined on a treadmill (endurance run flat terrain: r = 0.79, n = 13, p less than 0.01; endurance run graded terrain: r = 0.72, n = 20, p less than 0.001; 5 x 1000 m under good conditions: r = 0.97, n = 9, p less than 0.001; 5 x 1000 m under poor conditions: r = 0.91, n = 7, p less than 0.001). Both terrain gradation (endurance runs) and poor climatic conditions (speed sessions) lead to a left shifting of the regression line with unchanged slope. Conclusively the IAT determined during a treadmill exercise allows a sufficiently precise control of training both for endurance runs performed with different intensities and for the 5 x 1000-m speed session program. However, the external conditions have to be considered in order to provide correct training recommendations.

Adult↗