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Biomedical subjects

W P Glezen

Publications and source records attributed to W P Glezen.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Breast-feeding and respiratory virus infection.

Thirty-nine breast-fed and 42 bottle-fed infants were followed up from birth over a four-year period. Virus infection was documented by culture and serologic testing, and history and physical examination were recorded for all episodes of respiratory illness. There were no statistically significant differences in rates or distributions of infection with individual viruses or with all viruses over the first three or six months or during the second six months of life in the two groups, nor were there statistically significant differences in rates or distributions of disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract or total respiratory disease, except for decreased disease of the lower respiratory tract in bottle-fed infants in the second six months. There were trends to decreased morbidity in breast-fed infants in the first three and six months and more episodes of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in bottle-fed infants in the first six months (P less than .05) but similar use of medical care by both groups. High cord blood titers to two viruses were not associated with evidence of breast-feeding protection from infection with those two agents. Breast-fed babies do not have fewer respiratory virus infections or illnesses but may experience less severe illness.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1981

Immunogenicity of influenza A/USSR (H1N1) subunit vaccine in unprimed young adults.

Purified subunit vaccines (HANAflu) containing 20 microgram hemagglutinin of influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) alone or with 1-5% whole virus were compared to commercially available vaccines for reactogenicity and immunogenicity in unprimed young adults. Reactions to all vaccines were minimal. Sera from volunteers who received two intramuscular doses of vaccine or placebo were tested by hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization tests. HANAflu with 1 microgram (5%) whole virus added was not different in immunogenicity from commercial vaccine. Both commercial vaccine and HANAflu with 1 microgram whole virus added gave higher seroconversion rates and more neutralization titers greater than or equal to 4 log2 than HANAflu alone and HANAflu + 0.2 microgram (1%) whole virus. Thus, the HANAflu subunit vaccine alone was less immunogenic than commercial vaccine in unprimed persons. However, addition of 1 microgram (5%) whole virus, but not 0.2 microgram (1%), eliminated this difference, There may be a role for addition of small amounts of whole virus to subunit influenza vaccines to overcome lower immunogenicity in unprimed populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection for infants from low-income families in relationship to age, sex, ethnic group, and maternal antibody level.

The risk for hospitalization with respiratory syncytial virus infection during the first year of life was about five per 1,000 live births per year for infants born to low-income families in Houston from 1975 to 1979. The risk varied depending upon the intensity of the epidemic for a given season, the month of birth of the infant, and the level of passively acquired maternal antibody at the time of birth. Over 80% of the children hospitalized were less than 6 months of age; thus, most were born during the six months preceding the peak of RS virus activity. The neutralizing antibody titers in cord sera of 68 infants with culture-proven infections before 6 months of age were significantly lower than those of 575 randomly selected cord samples of infants born during the same period. The level of antibody at the time of birth was directly correlated with age at the time of infection. In addition, infants with more severe illnesses had lower levels of antibody in serum collected near onset of illness than did infants with milder illnesses. These observations demonstrate protection against RS infection in early infancy that is correlated with the level of maternal antibody, but it is not known if this protection is mediated directly by the passively acquired antibody or by some other mechanism.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Infection with influenza A/Victoria virus in Houston families, 1976.

In 1976, an epidemic caused by infections with an influenza virus antigenically similar to A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) occurred in Houston, Texas. During this outbreak, 37 families (155 members) enrolled in the Houston Family Study were under observation. The families lived throughout the metropolitan area (Houston, Texas), and were representative of low income groups. The overall frequency of infection in family members was 27.7%. The frequency of infection was the highest for infants under one year of age and for their older siblings, 14 (37.8%) of 37 and 17 (33.3%) of 51, respectively. Eighteen (48.6%) of the 37 families had at least one infected member. Twelve of the 18 'infected' families had school aged children, whereas only three of the 19 'non-infected' families had school aged children (P less than 0.01). These infected families were also larger and had increased household density (persons/rooms). The levels of pre-existing HI antibodies to A/Victoria/75 and A/Port Chalmers/73 were inversely related to frequencies of infection and illness associated with A/Victoria/75 virus. Three children required hospitalization as direct consequence of their infection with this H3N2 influenza virus. Antibody response to infection was related to previous experience with antigenically-related influenza A (H3N2) viruses according to Francis', 'doctrine of original antigenic sin.'

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1981

Patterns of shedding of myxoviruses and paramyxoviruses in children.

In the Houston Family Study, young children were cultured for virus weekly or biweekly and during acute respiratory illnesses. The interval between the onset of illness and positive culture was examined for 179 infections during 1975-1979. In week 1 after onset, 73%, 73%, and 66% of cultures were positive for influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza virus type 3, respectively. Pooled data from influenza B virus infections in 1977 and 1980 showed that 73% of cultures were positive in week 1. Influenza A virus in week 2 or RSV in weeks 2 and 3 was isolated from very few children. However, 37% of cultures were positive for influenza B virus during week 2, and 17% of cultures were still positive for parainfluenza virus type 3 during week 3. Shedding of parainfluenza virus type 3 on days 29-38 was also observed. Parainfluenza virus type 3, RSV, and influenza A virus were isolated up to six days before the onset of illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A polysaccharide-protein complex from Haemophilus influenzae type b. III. Vaccine trial in human adults.

Polysaccharide-protein complex prepared from Haemophilus influenzae type b strain Eagan was evaluated for toxicity and immunogenicity in adult volunteers given intramuscular injection. Most subjects had moderate local inflammation that was maximal the day after vaccination. No lot of vaccine significantly exceeded a saline placebo in production of systemic symptoms. Neither the local nor the systemic reactions of individual subjects appeared to be related to prevaccination serum antibody titers. Serum antibody responses to the capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitolphosphate [PRP]) component were detected in approximately 80% of the subjects. The PRP content of the vaccine antigens varied, and the rate and extent of responses were as expected for an equivalent dose of purified PRP vaccine. Antibody responses were not enhanced by aluminum phosphate. There was no booster response to a second injection given after six months. Responses to the residual lipopolysaccharide component occurred in 80% of the subjects, primarily in the IgG class. Responses to the nonlipopolysaccharide somatic components were detected less frequently.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Influenza in children. Relationship to other respiratory agents.

During the 1975-1976 respiratory disease season, influenza A/Victoria virus exceeded respiratory syncytial (RS) virus as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease (LRD) in children admitted to the hospital. This was a reversal of their usual roles in the etiology of LRD; however, the importance of influenza viruses in causing serious disease in children has been underestimated because of failure to appreciate the full spectrum of disease associated with influenza virus infections. In addition to those with LRD, several children were hospitalized with nonspecific febrile illnesses or CNS involvement. Furthermore, in the ambulatory care setting, influenza viruses were the most important cause of illness that necessitated children's being brought for medical care during a three-year period. During the peak of epidemics, influenza viruses appeared to interfere with the spread of other major respiratory viruses--particularly RS virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Protection of infants from infection with influenza A virus by transplacentally acquired antibody.

Transplacentally acquired antibody to influenza A virus was measured by a microneutralization test and a radioimmunoprecipitation assay in cord blood obtained from infants at a large urban county hospital in 1975-1978. Random samples tested before epidemic periods were a measure of susceptibility of the population. Twenty-six infants from whom cord sera were available had culture-documented infections with influenza A/Victoria (H3N2) virus when younger than four months. The direct correlation between age at the time of infection and level of antibody measured in cord serum (P less than 0.002) suggested a protective effect of transplacentally acquired antibody. None of fourteen acute-phase serum specimens obtained early in the course of culture-positive infections of young infants had detectable antibody to influenza A viral hemagglutinin by the sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation test. Because passively transferred maternal antibody to influenza virus may prevent symptomatic infection in young infants, vaccination of pregnant women could be beneficial.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1980

Epidemiologic observations of influenza B virus infections in Houston, Texas, 1976-1977.

Influenza B virus infections were documented in Houston, Texas, in 726 patients with febrile respiratory illnesses who presented to representative primary care facilities during the 1976-1977 respiratory disease season. This epidemic followed a "herald wave" of illness associated with influenza B during the preceding spring. Over one-half the virus isolates were from children aged 5-19 years, and school absenteeism rates indicated that about 40 per cent of the students in the Houston area were ill enough to miss school during the epidemic. The rapid rise in the number of cases among students after the school holiday recess demonstrated the importance of school attendance for the rapid dissemination of influenza viruses. During the later phase of the epidemic, most of the cases were preschool children and adults. In addition to disease of the respiratory tract, the epidemic was accompanied by cases of Reye's syndrome at a rate expected for an urban area.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1979

Reinfection with influenza A (H3N2) virus in young children and their families.

The frequency and consequences of reinfection with influenza A virus were studied by longitudinal observation of families for a three-year period in which two epidemics of influenza A (H3N2) occurred. Seven children followed from birth were reinfected 10-25 months after their first infection. Two children were reinfected by the same H3N2 virus while the others were reinfected with a closely related variant. At least five of these reinfections were accompanied by respiratory illness. Reinfection illness was similar to that accompanying primary infection. For children in the second and third year of life during the 1978 epidemic, the rate of infection was the same for those who had been previously infected (seven of 12) as for those who had not been previously infected (22 of 40). Reinfection was detected in 26% of older siblings and 6% of parents. The occurrence of reinfection may have important implications for elucidation of the protective immune response and for development of prophylaxis for influenzal infections.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

Interpandemic influenza in the Houston area, 1974-76.

Prospective virologic surveillance has defined two influenza epidemics representing the fifth and sixth outbreaks attributed to H3N2 viruses since the prototype, A/Hong Kong/68 ((H3N2), emerged in 1968. The 1975 epidemic was caused by influenza A/Port Chalmers and yielded an estimated attack rate of 9 per cent; the second, attributed to influenza A/Victoria, produced an explosive outbreak, with an estimated attack rate of 18 per cent in 1976. The highest morbidity occurred in preschool children, with an estimated attack rate of over 30 per cent. During the early stages of both epidemics there was a predominance of cases among school-aged children, and school absenteeism peaked earlier than other nonvirologic indexes. These observations support the concept of rapid dissemination of influenza among schoolchildren and suggest that control of epidemic influenza might be facilitated by prophylaxis for that age group and other accessible, healthy populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of bivalent influenza A and monovalent influenza B virus vaccines in high-risk children.

Seventy-nine high-risk children were immunized with either commercial, bivalent, split-product influenza A vaccine or purified hemagglutinin-neuraminidase bivalent influenza A vaccine, and 78 of these subjects were immunized with commercial, monovalent, influenza B split-product vaccine. The reactogenicity of all three vaccines was low, and there were no severe reactions. Twenty-nine subjects who received hemagglutinin-neuraminidase vaccine as their initial dose and commercial split-product vaccine as a booster dose had significantly lower antibody responses to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus than subjects who received two doses of commercial split-product vaccine. The responses of the two groups to influenza A/Victoria/75 virus were comparable. Twenty-four subjects with malignancy who were receiving chemotherapy were compared with a group of subjects matched for age and vaccine preparation. Patients with cancer had significantly lower antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 virus than patients without cancer. The ultimate responses of patients with cancer to A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/72 viruses were comparable to those of other patients, but early responses were lower.

Adolescent↗