PubMed · 10149369
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D LeBihan. 1990. IVIM method measures diffusion and perfusion.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10149369/
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The importance of chemokines in the immune response, as well as in a range of specific disease states, is becoming increasingly apparent. The role of CC- (or beta-) chemokines and their receptors in the pathology and mechanisms of HIV-1 infection has served to intensify interest in these factors. Although the functionality of these factors resides in their protein forms, assays for the detection and quantification of these protein factors in clinical samples are not readily available. Consequently, we designed NASBA-based assays for the quantification of the mRNA encoding two members of the CC-chemokine family: RANTES and MIP-1beta. The NASBA-based assays are extremely sensitive, accurate, and reproducible across a dynamic range of at least four orders of magnitude. Inter-assay performance is comparable to intra-assay performance. We applied these methods to the analysis of normal human PBMC and PBMC from HIV-1 infected individuals. Although MIP-1beta mRNA levels are higher than RANTES levels in both populations, RANTES levels in HIV-1+ patients are higher than in normal individuals. The utility of these assays in longitudinal studies of specific subpopulations of cells, as well as their potential use in clinical diagnostics, is discussed.
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BACKGROUND: This survey focuses on distribution of cardiac output to various organs and on some dynamic changes occurring in cardiac output and its distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data presented are largely related to work carried out in our research group, where Doppler ultrasonography is widely used for measurement of cardiac output and arterial blood flow. Additional data are drawn from relevant literature, in part compiled through search in the PubMed database. DATA AND INTERPRETATIONS: The difference in blood flow to various organs is emphasised, with e.g. brain and endocrine organs receiving large and stable blood supplies, whereas inactive muscles are sparsely perfused. Attention is drawn to distribution patterns in situations where cardiac output is markedly increased. Such situations are muscular exercise, with a dramatic increase in muscle blood flow, the occurrence of bodily heat surplus, with increased skin blood flow, and the postprandial situation, with augmented blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract. Of particular interest are situations where two or more demands for increased blood supply occur simultaneously, such as muscular exercise in the period just after a meal. Physically trained persons are apparently better than others at maintaining gastrointestinal blood supply during exercise.