PubMed · 10284437
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L E Rozovsky, F A Rozovsky. 1987. Remotely controlled.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10284437/
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Recent studies suggest that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 may be involved in mediating the neurodegenerative process in the brains of patients with acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS). In this context, we hypothesize that neurotrophic factors, such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), might protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-mediated neurotoxicity via regulating the expression of CXCR4 in neural cells. For this purpose, levels of CXCR4 were determined in neuronal and glial cell lines after FGF1 and 2 treatment. In addition, levels of CXCR4 immunoreactivity were associated with levels of FGF1 immunoreactivity in the brains of HIV-positive patients. These studies showed that neuronal CXCR4 levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to FGF. Conversely, glial CXCR4 was increased in a dose-dependent manner after FGF2 treatment. These effects were dependent on the FGF receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, because FGF-induced effects on CXCR4 were blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, 5'-deoxy-5'methylthioadenosine, or by anti-FGF receptor antibody. Stromal cell-derived factor-1, the ligand for CXCR4, and HIV gp120 neurotoxicity was attenuated by FGF1 in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, further supporting physiological relevance. In the brains of AIDS patients, the levels of neural CXCR4 immunoreactivity were inversely associated with FGF levels. Taken together, these results support the possibility that the neuroactive effects of FGF in HIV encephalitis might be mediated through regulation of the expression of CXCR4.
The current total of AIDS cases in Mexico is 37,000 of which 86% have occurred in men. The major route of transmission is sexual. The campaign to prevent AIDS has fallen into four phases, and has now been extended to other sexually transmitted diseases, including hepatitis B. The first phase (1985-1989) was based around question and answer brochures, which increased awareness but did not remove misconceptions. A mass media campaign addressed these misconceptions and stressed preventive measures. The campaign was halted by opposition to the promotion of condom use on the grounds that it encouraged promiscuity. The second phase (1989-1992) used more conservative messages, but these were too obscure and failed to reach the target audience. A poster campaign using popular lottery characters was widely accepted. In the third phase (1992-1994), a combination of messages was targeted at different populations, including parents and women, and general public sympathy for social support for people with AIDS was encouraged. In the fourth phase (1996-2000), a mass media campaign was aimed at teenagers, with parents and teachers as support groups. The campaign was widened to include HBV infection, and posters and brochures for teenagers were produced. These are distributed as part of a collaboration with non-governmental organizations providing sex education. The private medical sector is being encouraged to provide facilities for hepatitis B vaccination. So far the campaign has only been established in Mexico City, but it is hoped that this will be extended nationwide. Hepatitis B vaccination has been recently included in the National Immunization Programme for infants in the first year of life and it is officially recommended for at-risk populations.
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