PubMed · 10303254
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M J Biros. Joint venture safe harbors: avoiding prosecutorial attack.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10303254/
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We report here the results of mtDNA analysis of remains exhumed in July, 1995 from Mt. Olivet Cemetery in Kearney, Nebraska, that are thought to be those of Jesse James. The remains were poorly preserved, presumably due to wet and slightly acidic soil conditions, and insufficient DNA for analysis was obtained from two bone samples. However, two of four teeth, and two hairs recovered in 1978 from the original burial site on the James Farm, did yield reproducible mtDNA sequences. These mtDNA sequences from the teeth and hairs were all identical, suggesting that they came from the same individual; furthermore, this mtDNA sequence was identical to mtDNA sequences determined from blood samples from two maternal relatives of Jesse James. Therefore, either the remains are indeed those of Jesse James, or they are from an unrelated individual who, by chance, happens to have the same mtDNA sequence. To assess the probability that an unrelated individual would have the same sequence, we searched the forensic mtDNA database, and found that this sequence does not appear among the 2426 mtDNA sequences therein. Hence, the mtDNA analysis supports the identification of the exhumed remains from Mt. Olivet Cemetery as those of Jesse James.
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Over the last 1000 years, the practice of medicine in the Western world has been shaped by extraordinary transformations -- in the organizational structures of healthcare delivery, the changing concepts of disease and illness, and the ethical and social issues posed to a growing and diversified profession. Some critical aspects that characterize contemporary Western medicine -- as professionally defined, highly organized and regulated, and scientifically and technologically based -- have emerged only within the last 200 years. For most of its history, medicine was practiced without these distinctions -- but precursors to many current tensions can be traced back to Hippocratic times. In the last millennium, medicine developed in tandem with emerging political ideologies and social structures, and the roles of physicians evolved to respond to the needs of individual patients, the profession, and society at large. As medicine became increasingly effective, it was harnessed into the political objectives of promoting social cohesion and productivity. Professional regulation and social mechanisms for the equitable distribution of healthcare became significant considerations for the profession and society. In this brief 3-part history, we will trace the major organizational, conceptual, and political changes that, together, by the year 2000, created a profession with responsibilities of advocacy for individual patients in concert with attention to the needs and demands of all the individuals in the larger community.