PubMed · 10345962
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M Borbely. 1999. Pleasing to the eye.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10345962/
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Humans show remarkable variability in their eating styles. Reasons for this variability are poorly understood, but carry important implications for the onset of obesity and its comorbidities. Although it is well established that genes influence obesity, genetic influences on human eating patterns have received less attention. Dramatic increases in the prevalence of obesity justify additional research into the genetics of eating style. This review highlights what is known about the genetics of food preferences and selection in humans. Data from family and twin studies suggest a moderate genetic contribution to eating style, with clear environmental effects emerging as well. Select studies show support for gene-environment interactions and common genetic bases for certain dietary patterns, obesity, and/or metabolic complications. Genetically informative designs that infuse innovative behavioral measures may help explain individual differences in eating styles and hopefully promote more effective obesity treatments.
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Cup-feeding is recommended for breastfed preterm infants to avoid artificial nipples. However, the oral mechanisms used in cup-feeding, or its safety and efficacy, have not been described. The authors measured sipping, breathing, SaO2, and volume of intake during 15 cup-feeding sessions for 8 infants (mean gestational age at birth was 30.6 weeks). Mean duration of sipping bursts and pauses was 3.6 seconds and 28.1 seconds, respectively. Mean breathing rate during bursts and pauses was similar (46.2 +/- 24.3 vs 45.7 +/- 17.7, respectively), with SaO2 > or = 90% during all bursts. Mean duration of cup-feedings was 15.2 +/- 3.9 minutes (range, 11.0-23.3), whereas mean volume of intake was only 4.6 +/- 2.2 mL (range, 1.5-8). For the 15 sessions, 38.5% of milk taken from the cup was recovered on the bib. Although infants remain physiologically stable, cup-feeding has questionable efficacy and efficiency. Differentiating between actual intake versus spillage of milk merits attention.