PubMed · 10523164
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F Marchal, P Dulguerov, W Lehmann. 1999-10-14. Interventional sialendoscopy.. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199910143411620
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefits and difficulties encountered when using various 3-dimensional (3-D) navigation systems in head and neck procedures. DESIGN: Five different navigation systems were used for preoperative planning and intraoperative 3-D navigation in procedures at the paranasal sinuses, the frontal and lateral skull bases, and the petrous bone. INTERVENTION: Intraoperative 3-D localizing systems (position-sensitive mechanical arms, infrared cameras, etc) demand reliable patient fixation on the operating table. We achieved this by developing a noninvasive head holder. Other systems allow patient movements by using magnetic digitizing technology (ARTMA System) and sophisticated programming. RESULT: Having surpassed an initial learning curve, we now achieve an accuracy of 1 to 2 mm regularly. Especially in paranasal and frontal basal surgery, all navigation systems used provide valuable positioning information during surgery. In particular for revision or tumor surgery, decisive benefits resulted from use of these systems: shorter overall operation time; safer manipulation near delicate structures; and reliable identification of the skull base even in patients with bleeding, scarring, or missing anatomical landmarks. CONCLUSIONS: We performed approximately 250 operations with different systems and introduced navigation at the lateral skull base and the petrous bone with mechanical, optic, and magnetic digitizers. In these anatomical areas, navigation was used successfully; the technical challenge is greatest at the lateral skull base, however.
The history of photography starts with the camera of Leonardo da Vinci at around 1500 and the photographic plates by Niepce and Daguerre at the beginning of the nineteenth century. At the same time as those first experiments were being made with photographic plates, the development and study of endoscopy began with the invention of an instrument designed by Phillip Bozzini. Later in that century, Czermak had advanced the technique sufficiently to produce the first endophotograph: his own larynx pictured with a normal camera. Stein then constructed his endocamera with a picture-developing system like the modern Polaroid Land Camera. The definitive step from pioneering experiment to routine application was made by Max Nitze at the end of the nineteenth century with his Photographierkystoskop. Only 50 years later, the quality of color film, and the use of telescopes and light intensity enabled the routine taking of endoscopic pictures. Here the endocorporeal flash and fiberglass light conduction were the decisivecontributions. Hand-colored drawings for scientific use became superfluous and the first photographic atlases were in print from 1960 onwards, thus establishing modern endophotography.
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