PubMed · 10555708
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R F Busch. 1999. Ludwig angina: early aggressive therapy.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10555708/
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The intramuscular administration of penethamate hydriodide over 3 consecutive days and the intramammary administration of an ampicillin/cloxacillin combination were compared in lactating cows suffering from infectious clinical mastitis in one quarter, through an open, randomized, controlled multicenter field trial. Clinical examinations were carried out on d 1 (immediately before treatment), 3, 8, 17, and 22. Milk samples were taken from affected quarters for bacteriological analysis on d 1, 17, and 22, and from all quarters for somatic cell count (SCC) determination on d 1, 8, 17, and 22. There was no significant difference in bacteriological and clinical cure rates between the 2 treatment groups. The systemic treatment with penethamate resulted more frequently in a reduction of the milk SCC below the threshold of 250,000 cells/mL. This also occurred in the adjacent quarters not affected by clinical mastitis but with an SCC above 250,000 cells/mL before treatment. These findings suggest that the parenteral treatment with penethamate provides collateral cure on the quarters of the cows affected by subclinical mastitis. The number of quarters per cow affected by clinical or subclinical mastitis should be considered when selecting an antibiotic treatment by the local or systemic route.
In the present study, oxidative pre-treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater originating from the formulation of the penicillin Sultamycillin Tosylate Diydrate via ozonation at varying pH and ozone feed rates was investigated. Biological treatability studies were performed with a synthetic wastewater alone and supplemented with raw and ozonated penicillin formulation effluents. The highest COD (34%) and TOC (24%) removal efficiencies were obtained at pH 11.0, whereas the BOD5 value increased from 16 mg l(-1) to 128 mg l(-1) after 40 min of ozonation, corresponding to an applied ozone dose of 1670 mg l(-1) and 33% relative ozone absorption. The studies showed that no degradation of raw penicillin fraction (30% of total COD) occurred, and degradation of the synthetic wastewater being completely treatable without penicillin addition, was inhibited by 7%. Upon 40 min ozonation, the synthetic wastewater could be completely oxidized and at the same time 35% of ozonated penicillin wastewater removal was obtained. Respirometric studies were conducted in parallel and produced results indicating a 22% decrease in the total oxygen consumption rate established for raw penicillin formulation effluent compared to the results obtained from the aerobic batch reactor. No inhibition of the synthetic fraction was observed for the 40 min-ozonated penicillin formulation effluent, biodegradability of the 60 min-ozonated penicillin effluent decreased possibly due to recalcitrant oxidation product accumulation. The modeling study provided experimental support and information on inhibition kinetics in activated sludge model no. 3 (ASM3) by means of respirometric tests for the first time.
The T cell response to infection consists of clonal expansion of effector cells, followed by contraction to memory levels. It was previously thought that the duration of infection determines the magnitude and kinetics of the T cell response. However, recent analysis revealed that transition between the expansion and contraction phases of the Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response is not affected by experimental manipulation in the duration of infection or Ag display. We studied whether the duration of infection and Ag display influenced the kinetics of the Ag-specific CD4+ T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection. We found that truncating infection and Ag display with antibiotic treatment as early as 24 h postinfection had minimal impact on the expansion or contraction of CD4+ T cells; however, the magnitudes of the Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were differentially affected by the timing of antibiotic treatment. Treatment of LM-infected mice with antibiotics at 24 h postinfection did not prevent generation of detectable CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells at 28 days after infection, vigorous secondary expansion of these memory T cells, or protection against a subsequent LM challenge. These results demonstrate that events within the first few days of infection stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses that are capable of carrying out the full program of expansion and contraction to functional memory, independently of prolonged infection or Ag display.