Ovarian tissue cryopreservation: a practical option?

Abstract

Strategies to preserve fertility in young women undergoing potentially curative chemotherapy for malignant disease have been extremely limited. This limitation stems from the complex physiology of the human oocyte and the difficulties encountered in attempting to cryopreserve both developing and mature oocytes in sufficient quantities. Although in vitro fertilization and embryo cryopreservation can be used in those young women with a partner, this technique is unsuitable for the vast majority of patients and offers only a small chance of a pregnancy. Advances in cryobiology coupled with encouraging results in laboratory animals have prompted research into the storage of ovarian cortical tissue, which in young women is rich in primordial follicles. This tissue can be grafted back into the host, theoretically restoring the possibility of normal fertility. Primordial follicles contain oocytes at their least differentiated stage and appear to be relatively resistant to the combined insults of cryopreservation and the subsequent grafting procedure. Interest in this technique has been fuelled by its successful application in large domestic animals, such that ovarian tissue banking is being rapidly adopted into clinical practice before there is any hard evidence of its efficacy in humans.