PubMed Health⌕ Search
Home/Archive/PubMed

PubMed · 10933003

The normal foot.

R D Phillips
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The term "normal foot" has many different interpretations. This article reviews some of the ways in which the word "normal" has been used historically to describe the foot. Also discussed are the problems of attempting to determine what should constitute a normal foot and proposed criteria for distinguishing between the normal and the pathological.

Explore related subjects

FootFoot DeformitiesFoot DiseasesHistory, 19th CenturyHistory, 20th CenturyHistory, AncientHumansReference ValuesSociologyTerminology as TopicHistorical ArticleJournal ArticleReview

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

R D Phillips. The normal foot.. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-90-7-342

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

PubMed2006

The development and practice of forensic podiatry.

Forensic podiatry is a small, but potentially useful specialty using clinical podiatric knowledge for the purpose of person identification. The practice of forensic podiatry began in the early 1970s in Canada and the UK, although supportive research commenced later in the 1990s. Techniques of forensic podiatry include identification from podiatry records, the human footprint, footwear, and the analysis of gait forms captured on Closed Circuit Television Cameras. The most valuable techniques relate to the comparison of the foot impressions inside shoes. Tools to describe, measure and compare foot impressions with footwear wear marks have been developed through research with potential for further development. The role of forensic podiatrists is of particular value when dealing with variable factors relating to the functioning and the shod foot. Case studies demonstrate the approach of podiatrists, in footwear identification, when comparing exemplar with questioned foot impressions. Forensic podiatry practice should be approached cautiously and it is essential for podiatrists undertaking this type of work to understand the context within which the process of person identification takes place.

Foot↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of instrumented shoes for ambulatory assessment of ground reaction forces.

Currently, force plates or pressure sensitive insoles are the standard tools to measure ground reaction forces and centre of pressure data during human gait. Force plates, however, impose constraints on foot placement, and the available pressure sensitive insoles measure only one component of force. In this study, shoes instrumented with two force transducers measuring forces and moments in three dimensions were evaluated. Technical performance was assessed by comparing force measurement and centre of pressure reconstructions of the instrumented shoes against a force plate. The effect of the instrumented shoes on gait was investigated using an optical tracking system and a force plate. Instrumented shoes were compared against normal shoes and weighted shoes. The ground reaction force measured with force plate and instrumented shoes differed by 2.2+/-0.1% in magnitude and by 3.4+/-1.3 degrees in direction. The horizontal components differed by 9.9+/-3.8% in magnitude and 26.9+/-10.0 degrees in direction. Centre of pressure location differed by 13.7+/-2.4mm between measurement systems. A MANOVA repeated measures analysis on data of seven subjects, revealed significant differences in gait pattern between shoe types (p</=0.05). A subsequent univariate analysis showed significant differences only in maximum ground reaction force but these could not be attributed to specific shoe types by pair-wise comparison. This study indicates that shoes instrumented with force transducers can be a valuable alternative to current measurement systems if accurate sensing of position and orientation of the force transducers is improved. They are applicable in ambulatory settings and suitable for inverse dynamics analysis.

Foot↗