PubMed · 10993508
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F J Erbguth, B Neundörfer. 2000. Adolf Strümpell (1853-1925).. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150070164
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Despite dramatic reductions in the 1990s of N and P emissions in the drainage basin, Lake Peipsi/Chudskoe (Estonia/Russia) is still suffering from algal blooms, probably caused by low N:P ratios of the lake water. To quantify the sources and changes of N and P inputs to the lake as a result of economic changes, we modelled emissions, transfer and in-stream retention using a GIS model. The model was calibrated using river monitoring data from the 1985-1989 period, and used to simulate emissions and loads for five future scenarios for 2015-2019. During the 1985-1999 period, diffuse P emissions decreased relatively more than N diffuse emissions, but this was not reflected in the loads to the lake. P loads decreased relatively less than N loads, which caused a decrease in the N:P ratio of the rivers. About 30-45% of diffuse N emissions and only 3-10% of diffuse P emissions reaches the river network. In-stream retention reduces N and P loads to the lake by about 62% and 72%, respectively. Point sources contribute negligibly to the N load to the lake, but form about one-third of the P load. A target/fast development scenario is the most likely scenario for the 2015-2019 period, resulting in higher nutrient loads than in recent years. We conclude that effective load reductions can be achieved by focussing on diffuse N and P emissions close (< 50 km2) to the lake and by upgrading P removal capacity in wastewater treatment plants of towns.
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to compare utilization of health services and health care costs in a randomized hormone therapy trial. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 1823 healthy postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 years at the time of sampling were allocated to combined continuous hormone therapy or placebo or no treatment. The analysis was based on routinely collected electronic data in the Estonian Health Insurance Fund database during a follow-up period from 2 to 5 years. RESULTS: In the nonblind subtrial, the number of all health care visits was 10% higher and the number of visits to family practitioners 16% higher per person-year in the hormone therapy arm. Per person-year, the number of vaginal sonograms was 14% and the number of electrocardiograms 19% higher in the nonblind hormone therapy arm. Outpatient health care costs and drug expenses were higher in the nonblind hormone therapy arm. In the blind subtrial, the number of gynecologic operations, vaginal sonograms and total health care costs was higher in the hormone therapy arm. CONCLUSION: Hormone therapy caused additional expenses on health care.
BACKGROUND: Inflicted traumatic brain injury (ITBI) or shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is recognized as a major cause of disability and death in the paediatric population. AIM: To find out the incidence of ITBI in Estonia. METHODS: 26 cases of ITBI were recognized: four children died, 22 survived. RESULTS: Of 26 children, 20 (77%) were boys and six (23%) were girls. Median age at admission to hospital was 3.9 mo, and the boys were younger than the girls. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of ITBI was 28.7 per 100,000 infants. In the prospective group the incidence was 40.5 per 100,000, and in retrospective group 13.5 per 100,000. ITBI is not rare but not always a recognized form of child abuse. Healthcare professionals should be more aware of this condition.