PubMed · 11244836
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A Zárate. [Osteoporosis: When should bone densitometry be requested?].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11244836/
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Cataract prevalence increases with age. As the world's population ages, cataract-induced visual dysfunction and blindness is on the increase. This is a significant global problem. The challenges are to prevent or delay cataract formation, and treat that which does occur. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to cataract formation. However, reducing ocular exposure to UV-B radiation and stopping smoking are the only interventions that can reduce factors that affect the risk of cataract. The cure for cataract is surgery, but this is not equally available to all, and the surgery which is available does not produce equal outcomes. Readily available surgical services capable of delivering good vision rehabilitation must be acceptable and accessible to all in need, no matter what their circumstances. To establish and sustain these services requires comprehensive strategies that go beyond a narrow focus on surgical technique. There must be changes in government priorities, population education, and an integrated approach to surgical and management training. This approach must include supply of start-up capital equipment, establishment of surgical audit, resupply of consumables, and cost-recovery mechanisms. Considerable innovation is required. Nowhere is this more evident than in the pursuit of secure funding for ongoing services.
Glutamatergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has been shown to be important for behavioral adaptations in response to drugs of abuse. NMDA-receptor dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic synaptic transmission has been hypothesized to underlie many lasting alterations in behavior. Thus, we examined LTP in NAc core and find that it is developmentally regulated. Specifically, tetanus-evoked, NMDA receptor-dependent LTP is observed in the NAc of "adolescent" (3-week-old) mice more frequently than in adult (6-20-week-old) mice. In contrast, cAMP-dependent enhancement of transmission is not developmentally regulated. Removal of extracellular Mg(2+) restores LTP in adult NAc core, suggesting developmental regulation of induction processes rather than maintenance mechanisms. These findings are discussed in the context of behavioral changes elicited in response to drugs of abuse, which differ in adolescent vs. adult rodents and humans.
Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157 is an important emerging human pathogen. Cattle are considered to be the main reservoir for VTEC O157. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of VTEC O157 in Danish dairy herds and to investigate the relationship between shedding of VTEC O157 and a number of animal and herd characteristics. Sixty dairy farms were visited once in August-October, and from each herd faecal samples from up to 50 animals were analysed for VTEC O157 by enrichment, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and plating on selective agar. In total, 2419 animals were sampled, and 3.6% of these excreted VTEC O157. These animals were located on 10 farms (17%). On average, 21% of the sampled animals in the positive herds excreted VTEC O157. Register data, including age, sex, breed, housing conditions and herd composition, were extracted from a database. No influence of herd size or housing conditions was found. A strong effect of age was seen with 2-6-month-old calves as the high-risk age group (8.6% positive) in contrast to calves <2 months (0.7%) and cows (2.4%). There was a non-significant tendency of bull calves to have a higher prevalence than heifers within the age group of 2-6 months. Significantly, more of the herds characterised by having relatively many bull calves or many animals bought into the herd were positive for VTEC O157. Despite the low incidence of human VTEC O157 infections in Denmark, the prevalence in Danish dairy herds was found to be at a similar level as in many other countries.