PubMed · 11712460
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OBJECTIVE: Participation in center-based child care among preschool-aged children is associated with an increased incidence of communicable illness. Although estimates of health care utilization and costs associated with child care attendance exist in other countries with different health care systems, nationally representative data for the United States are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the patterns of health care utilization and costs associated with attendance at different types of child care, among a nationally representative sample of preschool-aged children. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of children aged 0 to 5 years enrolled in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1997 Cohort were studied. Data were analyzed by cross-sectional analysis within a single calendar year. The Rand Health Insurance experiment 2-part multivariate regression model was used to accommodate skewed expenditure data. RESULTS: A total of 871 children were included in the study. A total of 484 (56%) attended no child care provided by anyone other than their primary caregiver; 134 (15%) attended center-based child care; 76 (9%) attended friend or neighbor care; and 170 (20%) attended in-home or relative care. In a weighted multivariate model, children in center-based child care were more likely than those not in child care to have attended at least 1 office-based visit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-7.9) and emergency department visit (aOR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.6) and to have received a medication prescription (aOR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2-6.1). The adjusted 2-part model predicted total health care expenditures for those not attending child care to be 642 dollars (95% CI: 508-813), versus 985 dollars (95% CI: 714-1336) for a similar population in center-based child care. Expenditure data for office-based visits and medication prescriptions mirrored these trends. CONCLUSION: In the immediate term, children in center-based child care tend to use more health care services. This increased utilization translates into modest per-child differences in health care expenditures. We hypothesize that this pattern of utilization and expenditure is attributable primarily to a higher incidence of minor, self-limited, communicable illness among children in center-based child care.
The research addresses questions about the desirability of privatizing a key component of the child support enforcement process, namely, the serving of legal documents or "service of process" for cases in which the noncustodial parent is living in another state. Child support enforcement cases that require this type of "long arm" service of process were randomly assigned to a private vendor and to out-of-state sheriff offices using an experimental research design. The author finds that although there is no difference in the time it took the two groups to process cases, the private vendor was more successful, on average, at performing this function. Furthermore, he finds that the higher success rate of the private vendor is sufficient to produce a substantively important increase in collections in child support enforcement cases. Additional questions about the suitability of privatizing "service of process" and other like services are also discussed.
OBJECTIVES: To identify and measure the risk of malnutrition associated to determining indicators of mother's ability of childcare: familial structure, education level, work, maternal physical and mental health. METHODS: A case-control study was performed. Cases (101 children whose weight/age was below 5th percentile) and controls (200 children whose weight/age was above 25th percentile) were selected using anthropometric surveys during three vaccination campaigns in 1996 and 1997. Data was collected by interviewing the children's mothers at home. To detect the net effect of each factor studied, multivariate hierarchical analyses were carried out. The factors investigated and possible control variables were grouped in blocks, arranged according to order they affected the child's nutritional status. In order to identify the control variables a p<0.20 (univariate analyses) was assumed and to identify associations between a given factor and malnutrition a p<0.05 was assumed. RESULTS: Malnutrition risk factors identified are: (a) adverse familial structure, indicated by single parenting (OR=2.2; 95%CI, 1.1-4.5); (b) hospitalization of the mother during pregnancy (OR=3.5; 95%CI, 1.6-7.7); (c) mother's poor mental health, determined by the presence of 3 to 4 symptoms of depression included in the SRQ-20 (OR=3.1; 95%CI, 0.9-10.3); and (d) family stress factors, suggestive signs of alcoholism in at least one family member (OR=2.1; 95%CI, 1.2-3.9). In addition to these factors, child's age at the time the mother resumed/started working was also independently associated to malnutrition. However, it produced mixed effects: for children aged 4 to 12 months, the mothers' resuming work resulted in a protection factor whereas their resuming later tended to increase the risk of malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: It was evidenced that the factors that define the mother's ability of child care affect the child's nutritional status.