PubMed · 11975134
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Michele Ambor-Hutz. Circumcision decisions.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6356.2002.tb00033.x
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Echinococcus tapeworms are parasites that infect dog species worldwide and occasionally are transmitted to humans. Infection occurs most commonly in persons who raise sheep or cattle, and who have contact with dogs. The tapeworm eggs are typically ingested during play with dogs or through consumption of garden vegetables or water contaminated by dog feces. The most common sites of tapeworm cyst formation within the body are the liver and lungs, although any internal organ or bone can be infected. The tapeworm infection is generally asymptomatic for 10 to 20 years, until the cyst grows large enough to cause problems. Untreated infection can be fatal. The possibility of this uncommon infection is most often considered when cysts are found on imaging studies of affected organs. Serologic testing has variable sensitivity, but it can be helpful. Surgical removal of cysts is the usual treatment, often with perioperative use of anthelmintic medication to prevent recurrence of disease caused by later growth of undetected daughter cysts.
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BACKGROUND: There are relationships among morbidity experiences before, during, and after participation in overseas military operations. METHODS: U.S. servicemembers who deployed to Bosnia-Herzegovina during a 4-year period were classified based on their last hospitalizations prior to deploying. Hospitalization rates during and following deployment were calculated in relation to the timing and causes of pre-deployment hospitalizations. RESULTS: Deployers ever hospitalized pre-deployment were 120% and 50% more likely to be hospitalized during and following deployment, respectively. For nearly every category of diagnoses, hospitalization rates during and following deployment were highest among those hospitalized for the same category, intermediate among those hospitalized for other categories, and lowest among those not hospitalized prior to deploying. Deployers hospitalized within 1 month, 2-3 months, or > 3 months of deploying were 3.8, 2.6, and 1.4-times more likely to be hospitalized during deployment. CONCLUSIONS: The nature and recency of prior hospitalizations significantly determine during and post-deployment hospitalization risks.