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PubMed · 12321794

Diverging patterns with endogenous labor migration.

P Reichlin·A Rustichini
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Abstract

"The standard neoclassical model cannot explain persistent migration flows and lack of cross-country convergence when capital and labor are mobile. Here we present a model where both phenomena may take place.... Our model is based on the Arrow-Romer approach to endogenous growth theory. We single out the importance of a (however weak) scale effect from the size of the workforce.... The main conclusion of this simple model is that lack of convergence, or even divergence, among countries is possible, even with perfect capital mobility and labor mobility."

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DemographyEconomicsEmigration and ImmigrationEmploymentHealth WorkforceModels, TheoreticalPopulationPopulation DynamicsResearchSocioeconomic FactorsTransients and MigrantsCapitalDemographic FactorsEconomic FactorsHuman ResourcesInequalitiesInternational MigrationLabor ForceLabor MigrationMacroeconomic FactorsMigrationResearch MethodologyWorldJournal Article

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P Reichlin, A Rustichini. 1998-05-05. Diverging patterns with endogenous labor migration.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1889(97)00079-1

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Demography, recombination hotspot intensity, and the block structure of linkage disequilibrium.

BACKGROUND: Effective gene mapping based on genetic association data will require detailed knowledge of patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in human populations. It has been recently suggested that linkage disequilibrium in humans may be organized in a block-like structure, with islands of high LD separated by regions of rapid breakdown of LD due to recombination hotspots. The experimental data to date, however, are limited, and fundamental questions remain about the implications of recombination rate heterogeneity. Here, we use computer simulations to evaluate how such heterogeneity influences patterns of LD, and we develop formal criteria to assess whether the patterns are functionally block like in the context of association mapping. RESULTS: Our analyses suggest that, even in models of extreme recombination rate heterogeneity, some human populations will have a functionally block-like structure to the pattern of LD, but others will not, depending on their precise demographic histories. In fact, for many models, we find that, following an LD-generating event, populations may move through discrete phases that can be functionally described as pre-block, block, and post-block. An analysis of observed and expected patterns of LD surrounding hotspots within the MHC Class II region confirms these theoretical expectations. CONCLUSIONS: Even if highly punctuated patterns of recombination are the rule, patterns of LD are still likely to show differences among populations and among genomic regions that are of practical importance in the design of genetic association studies. The notion that the average extent of LD is a useful concept for the design of association studies must be abandoned in light of the experimental and theoretical evidence.

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